CONTENTS xi 8.4 Ultrashort-Pulse Amplification,405 8.4.1 Amplification Basics,406 8.4.2 Special Issues in Femtosecond Amplifiers,411 8.5 Appendix,416 8.5.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fourier Transform Property of a Lens,416 8.5.2 Wave Optics Model of a Grating,418 Problems.420 9 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 422 9.1 Introduction to Ultrafast Spectroscopy,422 9.2 Degenerate Pump-Probe Transmission Measurements,426 9.2.1 Co-polarized Fields:Scalar Treatment,426 9.2.2 Vector Fields and Orientational Effects,431 9.3 Nondegenerate and Spectrally Resolved Pump-Probe:Case Studies,439 9.3.1 Femtosecond Pump-Probe Studies of Dye Molecules,440 9.3.2 Femtosecond Pump-Probe Studies of GaAs,444 9.4 Basic Quantum Mechanics for Coherent Short-Pulse Spectroscopies,451 9.4.1 Some Basic Quantum Mechanics,451 9.4.2 The Density Matrix.456 9.5 Wave Packets,460 9.5.1 Example:Semiconductor Quantum Wells,461 9.5.2 Molecules,462 9.6 Dephasing Phenomena,469 9.6.1 Linear Spectroscopies,469 9.6.2 Models of Dephasing,475 9.6.3 Measurement of Dephasing Using Transient Gratings,481 9.6.4 Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy,494 9.7 Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering,499 Problems.505 10 Terahertz Time-Domain Electromagnetics 507 10.1 Ultrafast Electromagnetics:Transmission Lines,507 10.1.1 Photoconductive Generation and Sampling,507 10.1.2 Electro-optic Sampling,513 10.2 Ultrafast Electromagnetics:Terahertz Beams,516 10.2.1 Generation and Measurement of Terahertz Pulses,517 10.2.2 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging,527 Problems,531 References 533 Index 563CONTENTS xi 8.4 Ultrashort-Pulse Amplification, 405 8.4.1 Amplification Basics, 406 8.4.2 Special Issues in Femtosecond Amplifiers, 411 8.5 Appendix, 416 8.5.1 Fresnel Diffraction and Fourier Transform Property of a Lens, 416 8.5.2 Wave Optics Model of a Grating, 418 Problems, 420 9 Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 422 9.1 Introduction to Ultrafast Spectroscopy, 422 9.2 Degenerate Pump–Probe Transmission Measurements, 426 9.2.1 Co-polarized Fields: Scalar Treatment, 426 9.2.2 Vector Fields and Orientational Effects, 431 9.3 Nondegenerate and Spectrally Resolved Pump–Probe: Case Studies, 439 9.3.1 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of Dye Molecules, 440 9.3.2 Femtosecond Pump–Probe Studies of GaAs, 444 9.4 Basic Quantum Mechanics for Coherent Short-Pulse Spectroscopies, 451 9.4.1 Some Basic Quantum Mechanics, 451 9.4.2 The Density Matrix, 456 9.5 Wave Packets, 460 9.5.1 Example: Semiconductor Quantum Wells, 461 9.5.2 Molecules, 462 9.6 Dephasing Phenomena, 469 9.6.1 Linear Spectroscopies, 469 9.6.2 Models of Dephasing, 475 9.6.3 Measurement of Dephasing Using Transient Gratings, 481 9.6.4 Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy, 494 9.7 Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering, 499 Problems, 505 10 Terahertz Time-Domain Electromagnetics 507 10.1 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Transmission Lines, 507 10.1.1 Photoconductive Generation and Sampling, 507 10.1.2 Electro-optic Sampling, 513 10.2 Ultrafast Electromagnetics: Terahertz Beams, 516 10.2.1 Generation and Measurement of Terahertz Pulses, 517 10.2.2 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, 527 Problems, 531 References 533 Index 563