工程科学学报，第40卷，第5期：526-539.2018年5月 Chinese Journal of Engineering,Vol.40,No.5:526-539,May 2018 DOI:10.13374/j.issn2095-9389.2018.05.002;http://journals.ustb.edu.cn 尾矿库溃坝灾害防控现状及发展 王 昆1,2)，杨鹏，3)，Karen Hudson-Edwards2),吕文生)，卜磊) 1)北京科技大学土木与资源工程学院，北京1000832)埃克塞特大学环境与可持续发展研究所，康沃尔TR109FE 3)北京联合大学北京市信息服务工程重点实验室，北京100101 ☒通信作者，E-mail:yang即eng@buu.cd山.cm 摘要尾矿库溃坝灾害应急响应时间短、潜在威胁巨大，往往造成惨重人员伤亡与巨额财产损失.近些年尾矿库安全事故 发生数量的总体下降趋势充分体现出现代化技术及安全管理方面的进步，然而重大事故发生频次却不减反增，2015年巴西 Samarco铁矿与2014年加拿大Mount Polley重大遗坝事故及其惨重后果，再次为尾矿库安全敲响警钟.我国现存尾矿库8869 座，含“头顶库”1425座，安全形势复杂.本文在收集大量相关领域文献的基础上，聚焦尾矿库遗坝灾害防控体系中的安全监 测、灾害预警与应急准备、安全管理与标准规范这三大方面核心内容，分别综述对比国内外现状及前沿进展，探讨分析我国当 前所面临的问题并尝试提出改进建议，为尾矿库防灾减灾理论研究与技术革新提供参考.结果表明：(1)我国尾矿库安全监 测标准更高，但仪器耐久性、可靠度与实用性不足，专用监测器件与新技术的研发应用势在必行：(2)灾害预警方法单一且可 信度不高，而信息技术融合应用成为发展趋势：(3)应急管理与预警决策需以充分的科学论证为基础，当前研究在试验手段与 计算方法上存在局限：(4)我国拥有完善的安全管理标准规范体系，但在安全等别划分、全生命周期管理、主体变更、事故总结 等方面相对欠缺 关键词尾矿库溃坝：安全监测：预警：应急准备计划：安全管理 分类号TD77.1 Status and development for the prevention and management of tailings dam failure accidents WANG Kun'2),YANG Peng)Karen Hudson-Edwards),L0 Wen-sheng),BU Lei) 1)School of Civil and Resource Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China 2)Environment and Sustainability Institute,University of Exeter,Cornwall TR10 9FE,United Kingdom 3)Beijing Key Laboratory of Information Service Engineering,Beijing Union University,Beijing 100101,China Corresponding author,E-mail:yangpeng@buu.edu.cn ABSTRACT Tailings dam failure accidents with limited emergency response time and substantial potential threats often lead to heavy casualties and severe financial losses.In recent years,the decreasing trend of tailings dam failure accidents shows the development of modern technology and safety management.However,the frequency of major tailings dam failure accidents has increased,rather than decreased.The 2015 Samarco Accident in Brazil and the 2014 Mount Polley Accident in Canada,along with their disastrous conse- quences,once again sounded the alarm to improve the safety of tailings ponds.China is now facing a complicated safety situation be- cause there are 8869 tailings ponds throughout the country,including 1425 overhead tailings ponds that represent the tailings ponds lo- cated within I km upstream of residential areas,workshops,schools,or other important facilities.Based on a large number of relevant research studies,focusing on three main aspects of accident prevention and management that include safety monitoring,early-warning and emergency preparation,safety management codes and standards,the status and frontier progress are reviewed in this paper.Fur- thermore,the relevant problems in China are discussed,and several improvement recommendations are presented that can provide a reference for theoretical research and technological innovation for preventing tailings pond accidents.The results are as follows: 收稿日期：2018-01-02 基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51774045)：国家留学基金委建设高水平大学公派研究生资助项目(201706460051)工程科学学报,第 40 卷,第 5 期:526鄄鄄539,2018 年 5 月 Chinese Journal of Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 5: 526鄄鄄539, May 2018 DOI: 10. 13374 / j. issn2095鄄鄄9389. 2018. 05. 002; http: / / journals. ustb. edu. cn 尾矿库溃坝灾害防控现状及发展 王 昆1,2) , 杨 鹏1,3) 苣 , Karen Hudson鄄Edwards 2) , 吕文生1) , 卜 磊1) 1) 北京科技大学土木与资源工程学院, 北京 100083 2) 埃克塞特大学环境与可持续发展研究所, 康沃尔 TR10 9FE 3) 北京联合大学北京市信息服务工程重点实验室, 北京 100101 苣 通信作者, E鄄mail: yangpeng@ buu. edu. cn 摘 要 尾矿库溃坝灾害应急响应时间短、潜在威胁巨大,往往造成惨重人员伤亡与巨额财产损失. 近些年尾矿库安全事故 发生数量的总体下降趋势充分体现出现代化技术及安全管理方面的进步,然而重大事故发生频次却不减反增,2015 年巴西 Samarco 铁矿与 2014 年加拿大 Mount Polley 重大溃坝事故及其惨重后果,再次为尾矿库安全敲响警钟. 我国现存尾矿库 8869 座,含“头顶库冶1425 座,安全形势复杂. 本文在收集大量相关领域文献的基础上,聚焦尾矿库溃坝灾害防控体系中的安全监 测、灾害预警与应急准备、安全管理与标准规范这三大方面核心内容,分别综述对比国内外现状及前沿进展,探讨分析我国当 前所面临的问题并尝试提出改进建议,为尾矿库防灾减灾理论研究与技术革新提供参考. 结果表明:(1)我国尾矿库安全监 测标准更高,但仪器耐久性、可靠度与实用性不足,专用监测器件与新技术的研发应用势在必行;(2)灾害预警方法单一且可 信度不高,而信息技术融合应用成为发展趋势;(3)应急管理与预警决策需以充分的科学论证为基础,当前研究在试验手段与 计算方法上存在局限;(4)我国拥有完善的安全管理标准规范体系,但在安全等别划分、全生命周期管理、主体变更、事故总结 等方面相对欠缺. 关键词 尾矿库溃坝; 安全监测; 预警; 应急准备计划; 安全管理 分类号 TD77郾 1 收稿日期: 2018鄄鄄01鄄鄄02 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51774045);国家留学基金委建设高水平大学公派研究生资助项目(201706460051) Status and development for the prevention and management of tailings dam failure accidents WANG Kun 1,2) , YANG Peng 1,3) 苣 , Karen Hudson鄄Edwards 2) , L譈 Wen鄄sheng 1) , BU Lei 1) 1) School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 2) Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom 3) Beijing Key Laboratory of Information Service Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China 苣 Corresponding author, E鄄mail: yangpeng@ buu. edu. cn ABSTRACT Tailings dam failure accidents with limited emergency response time and substantial potential threats often lead to heavy casualties and severe financial losses. In recent years, the decreasing trend of tailings dam failure accidents shows the development of modern technology and safety management. However, the frequency of major tailings dam failure accidents has increased, rather than decreased. The 2015 Samarco Accident in Brazil and the 2014 Mount Polley Accident in Canada, along with their disastrous conse鄄 quences, once again sounded the alarm to improve the safety of tailings ponds. China is now facing a complicated safety situation be鄄 cause there are 8869 tailings ponds throughout the country, including 1425 overhead tailings ponds that represent the tailings ponds lo鄄 cated within 1 km upstream of residential areas, workshops, schools, or other important facilities. Based on a large number of relevant research studies, focusing on three main aspects of accident prevention and management that include safety monitoring, early鄄warning and emergency preparation, safety management codes and standards, the status and frontier progress are reviewed in this paper. Fur鄄 thermore, the relevant problems in China are discussed, and several improvement recommendations are presented that can provide a reference for theoretical research and technological innovation for preventing tailings pond accidents. The results are as follows: