Reality.!(AS 2015) App Appi,,,. App Operating System Operating System Specialized Packet Specialzed Packet Forwarding Hardware Forwardinghtardware Closed equipment Software bundled with hardware Operating a network is expensive Vendor-specific interfaces More than half the cost of a network Yet, operator error causes most outages Over specified: Slow protocol standardization Buggy software in the equipment BuGs Few people can innovate Routers with 20+ million lines of code Equipment vendors write the code Cascading failures, vulnerabilities, etc Long delays to introduce new featuresOperating System Reality…!!!! (As 2015) App App App Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware Specialized Packet Forwarding Hardware Operating System App App App Closed equipment • Software bundled with hardware. • Vendor-specific interfaces. Over specified : Slow protocol standardization. Few people can innovate • Equipment vendors write the code. • Long delays to introduce new features. Operating a network is expensive • More than half the cost of a network. • Yet, operator error causes most outages. Buggy software in the equipment • Routers with 20+ million lines of code • Cascading failures, vulnerabilities, etc