Contents 3 Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups 81 31 Functional groups 82 An Overview of Functional Groups 83 3.3 Intermolecular Forces 87 3.4 3.5 Application:Vitamins 97 9 Application:The Cell mbrane 82 Biomolecules Key Concepts 105 Problems 106 4 Alkanes 113 4.1 Alkanes-An Introduction 114 4.2 Cycloalkanes 118 4.3 Introduction to Nomenclature 119 120 Naming Cy 125 Physical Properties of Alkanes 129 4.9 Conformations of Acyclic Alkanes-Ethane 129 4.10 Conformations of Butane 134 4.11 An Introduction to Cycloalkanes 137 4.12 Cyclohexane 138 4.13 Substituted Cycloalkanes 141 4.14 Oxidation of Alkanes 147 4.15 Lipids-Part 1 149 5 Stereochemistry 159 Starch and Cellulose 160 The Two Major Classes of Isomers 162 Looking Glass Chemistry- -Chiral and Achiral Molecules 163 5.4 Stereogenic Centers 166 5.5 Stereogenic Centers in Cyclic Compounds 168 Labeling Stereogenic Centers with Ror S 170 Diastereomers 175 Rand s Ampounds 177 Compounds with More Ster 5.10 Disubstituted Cycloalkanes 180Contents vii 3 Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups 81 3.1 Functional Groups 82 3.2 An Overview of Functional Groups 83 3.3 Intermolecular Forces 87 3.4 Physical Properties 90 3.5 Application: Vitamins 97 3.6 Application of Solubility: Soap 98 3.7 Application: The Cell Membrane 100 3.8 Functional Groups and Reactivity 102 3.9 Biomolecules 104 Key Concepts 105 Problems 106 4 Alkanes 113 4.1 Alkanes—An Introduction 114 4.2 Cycloalkanes 118 4.3 An Introduction to Nomenclature 119 4.4 Naming Alkanes 120 4.5 Naming Cycloalkanes 125 4.6 Common Names 127 4.7 Fossil Fuels 128 4.8 Physical Properties of Alkanes 129 4.9 Conformations of Acyclic Alkanes—Ethane 129 4.10 Conformations of Butane 134 4.11 An Introduction to Cycloalkanes 137 4.12 Cyclohexane 138 4.13 Substituted Cycloalkanes 141 4.14 Oxidation of Alkanes 147 4.15 Lipids—Part 1 149 Key Concepts 151 Problems 153 5 Stereochemistry 159 5.1 Starch and Cellulose 160 5.2 The Two Major Classes of Isomers 162 5.3 Looking Glass Chemistry—Chiral and Achiral Molecules 163 5.4 Stereogenic Centers 166 5.5 Stereogenic Centers in Cyclic Compounds 168 5.6 Labeling Stereogenic Centers with R or S 170 5.7 Diastereomers 175 5.8 Meso Compounds 177 5.9 R and S Assignments in Compounds with Two or More Stereogenic Centers 179 5.10 Disubstituted Cycloalkanes 180 smi75625_fm_00i-xxxiv.indd vii 11/17/09 11:21:11 AM