定位机制研究(Localization .Physical Measurements and Single-Hop Positioning According to the capabilities of diverse hardwares,we classify the measuring techniques into six categories (from fine-grained to coarse-grained):location,distance,angle,area,hop count, and neighborhood. Fine-Grained Coarse-Grained Location Distance Angle Area Hop Count Neighbor- hood Ranging Connectivity- Distance and angle measurements a are obtained by ranging techniques. Hop count and neighborhood are basically based on radio connectivity. -In addition, area measurement relies on either ranging or connectivity,depending on how the area constrains are formed定位机制研究（Localization） • Physical Measurements and Single-Hop Positioning – According to the capabilities of diverse hardwares, we classify the measuring techniques into six categories (from fine-grained to coarse-grained): location, distance, angle, area, hop count, and neighborhood. – Distance and angle measurements are obtained by ranging techniques. – Hop count and neighborhood are basically based on radio connectivity. – In addition, area measurement relies on either ranging or connectivity, depending on how the area constrains are formed