§1 charges and coulomb’slaw 1.1 charges 1)Negative and positive 2) quantified(millikan) ne e=16×10C Fraction charge±e±=e 3 3 3)conservation(Franklin) 4)Invariance of charges§1 charges and couloumb’s law 1. 1 charges 1) Negative and positive 2) quantified (millikan) e 1.6 10 C −19 Q = ne =  Fraction charge e 3 1  e 3 2  3) conservation (Franklin) 4) Invariance of charges