AA Johannes diderik van der Waals 1837-1923 Awarded the nobel Prize for Physics in 1910 At a time when the existence of molecules was still held in doubt by at least some respectable scientists, Johannes Diderik van der Waals developed a model of molecular interactions. His equation of state had the basic features needed for the understanding of a great variety of fluids and fluid mixtures. He received the nobel prize in 1910. He is considered the founder of molecular science His ideas are Van der Waals was bon in Leiden, Netherlands, the son of a carpenter and the eldest of ten used in the children. After finishing middle school at the age of fteen, he started working as an apprentice oil industry by taking evening classes and, eventually, university courses. After repairing the deficiencies of his early schooling, he was allowed to defend his Ph.D. thesis in 1873. He was a Professor of Physics at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, from 1877 to 1908 The thesis was immediately recognised as very significant: James Clerk Marwelllearned Dutch in order to read it. Van der Waals considered the molecules as hard spheres surrounded ids aliquid and its vapour are separated by an interface, and the liquid is much denser than s be the vapour. Van der Waals showed, however, that only below its critical point may a gas b liquefied. Above this point, thetransition from vapour-lke toliquid-like densities is continuous, without the appearance of an interface. By expressing fluid properties in terms of the critical- pointparameters, Van der Waals obtained the law of corresponding states which maps properties from one fluid to another. This lawallowed him to predict the critical point of helium, which, in turn, enabled his friend, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, to liquefy helium in eidenin 1908 Another major achievement of Van der Wals was the 1890 generalisation of the law of 入, carbon atom correspondingstates to fluid mixtures oftwo and more components. Depending on thenatureof thecomponents, mixtures may display complex phase behavior, with several liquid andgaseous covalent bond phases present Van der Waals' mixture equation of state represented most of the types of phase separations which scientists such as Kamerlingh Onnes were finding in the laboratory. The methods worked out by Van der Wals and the Dutch School are widely used in modern Van der waals bond hemical process technology, such as the gas and oil industry, and geophysics. Van der Waals used the concept of continuity of states to develop a theory of capillarity(189 which describes the structure of the interface between two fluid phases as well as surface tension. This work was not widely known, and the theory was reinvented in the middle of the 20th century both in thethen USSRand inthe US. A. Graphite works as a lubricant because the planes, held Van der Waals lost his young wife in 1881 and never remarried. His eldest daughter helped him together by strong chemical (covalent bonds between raise the three younger children. His son became a professor of theoretical physics and one the carbon atoms, can slide across each other wih only JMHLS weak Van der Waals bonds between the planes being broken.At a time when the existence of molecules was still held in doubt by at least some respectable scientists, Johannes Diderik van der Waals developed a model of molecular interactions. His equation of state had the basic features needed for the understanding of a great variety of phenomena occurring in fluids and fluid mixtures. He received the Nobel Prize in 1910. He is considered the founder of molecular science. Van der Waals was born in Leiden, Netherlands, the son of a carpenter and the eldest of ten children. After finishing middle school at the age of fifteen, he started working as an apprentice elementary school teacher. For over 20 years, van derWaals climbed through the teachers’ ranks by taking evening classes and, eventually, university courses. After repairing the deficiencies of his early schooling, he was allowed to defend his Ph.D. thesis in 1873. He was a Professor of Physics at the University ofAmsterdam, Netherlands, from 1877 to 1908. . Van der Waals considered the molecules as hard spheres surrounded by a sphere of attraction. With this model, he could describe the properties of both gases and liquids. A liquid and its vapour are separated by an interface, and the liquid is much denser than the vapour. Van der Waals showed, however, that only below its ‘critical point’ may a gas be liquefied.Above this point, the transition from vapour-like to liquid-like densities is continuous, without the appearance of an interface. By expressing fluid properties in terms of the critical￾point parameters, Van derWaals obtained the law of corresponding states which maps properties from one fluid to another. This law allowed him to predict the critical point of helium, which, in turn, enabled his friend, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, to liquefy helium in Leiden in 1908. The thesis was immediately recognised as very significant: James Clerk Maxwell learned Dutch in order to read it Another major achievement of Van der Waals was the 1890 generalisation of the law of corresponding states to fluid mixtures of two and more components. Depending on the nature of the components, mixtures may display complex phase behavior, with several liquid and gaseous phases present. Van der Waals' mixture equation of state represented most of the types of phase separations which scientists such as Kamerlingh Onnes were finding in the laboratory. The methods worked out by Van der Waals and the `Dutch School' are widely used in modern chemical process technology, such as the gas and oil industry, and geophysics. Van der Waals used the concept of continuity of states to develop a theory of capillarity (1893), which describes the structure of the interface between two fluid phases as well as surface tension. Van der Waals lost his young wife in 1881 and never remarried. His eldest daughter helped him raise the three younger children. His son became a professor of theoretical physics and one daughter was a well known poet. J.M.H.L.S. This work was not widely known, and the theory was reinvented in the middle of the 20th century both in the then USSR and in the U.S.A. Johannes Diderik van der Waals 1837 - 1923 Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1910 His ideas are used in the oil industry Graphite works as a because the planes,held together by strong chemical (covalent) bonds between the carbon atoms, can slide across each other with only weak between the planes being broken. lubricant Van der Waals bonds Graphite works as a because the planes,held together by strong chemical (covalent) bonds between the carbon atoms, can slide across each other with only weak between the planes being broken. lubricant Van der Waals bonds carbon atom covalent bond Van der Waals bond Van der Waals bond