primary settling tanks san upended solids ete) by physic (Preliminary and primary processes(mechanical retention, filtration, gravitational treatment units) sedimentation Activated sludge aeration Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids, N/P biofilm nutrients by microbial adsorption, ssimilation filters(Secondary treatment degradation and transformation. unIts) GAC adsorption, chemical Enhanced removal of suspended solids, color and organic oxidation(Advanced matter from the wastewater. Typically accomplished by chemical addition or filtration or adsorption. Disinfection pplication of chemicals such as chlorine gas for killing harmful microbes. 2.(1)V=3m×5m×10m=150(m3),HRI=150÷3000×24h)=1.2(l);(2)3000m3/d(10m 5m)=60m2/d=25m2/h;(3)3000m3/d×200mg/1=600kgd;(4)600kg/d×50%=300kgd 3. Purposes:(1)satisfy the bCod of the waste,(2)satisfy the endogenous respiration by the biomass, (3)satisfy the oxygen demand for nitrification, (4)provide adequate mixing, and (5) maintain a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration throughout the aeration tank Types:(1)fine bubble type(panel/dome/membrane, very high transfer efficiency);(2)coarse bubble type(low transfer efficiency); (3)static tube mixers/aerators( medium transfer efficiency): (rotor brush/disk (low transfer efficiency);(5)cascade type(low transfer efficiency); (6)slotted tube (low transfer efficiency). 4.城市有机生活垃圾的堆肥处理分厌氧和好氧两种类型。前者主要是指在缺氧或绝对厌氧 条件下有机物发生的生化反应,具有速度慢、转化不彻底、臭味较重等问题。后者是城市 有机生活垃圾堆肥的主要方法,其反应过程主要包括有机碳的降解和转化、有机氮的分解, 形成的堆肥产品中腐殖酸及无机氮磷含量较高,经好氧堆肥后病原体得到有效杀灭,堆肥 产品可以作为优质肥料和土壤改良剂用于农林业生产,好氧堆肥的控制条件主要有温度、 垃圾含水率、通风和供氧、搅拌、微生物菌剂等 5. Routine microscopic observations provide valuable monitoring information about the condition of the microbial population in the activated-sludge process. Specific information gathered includes changes in floc size and density the status of filamentous organism growth in the floc, the presence of Nocardia bacteria, and the type and abundance of higher life-forms such as protozoans and rotifers. Changes in these characteristics can provide an ndication of the changes in the wastewater characteristics or of an operational problem. A decrease in the protozoan population may be indicative of Do limitations, operation at a lower SRT inhibitory substances in the wastewater. Early detection of filamentous or Nocardia growth will allow time for corrective action to be taken to minimize potential problems associated with excessive growth of these organisms. Procedures may be followed to identify the specific type of filamentous organism, which may help identify an opeating or design condition that encourages their growth 6.(1)自由(离散)沉淀:沉沙池、初沉池初期;固体颗粒絮凝性差、粒径较大、浓度较 低,沉淀过程中互不干扰,独立完成沉淀过程 (2)絮凝沉淀:初沉池后期、二沉池初期;固体颗粒有明显的絮凝性,沉淀过程中通过絮 凝作用使得粒径越来越大、沉淀越来越快。 (3)成层沉淀:二沉池后期;固体颗粒浓度较高,相互干扰严重,小颗粒和大颗粒拥阻在 起形成沉淀层,颗粒的沉淀从外观上看是该层的沉降。 (4)压缩沉淀:污泥浓缩池。固体浓度很高,因固体颗粒下沉,污泥中游离态水和颗粒间 隙水被还渐压出,污泥得以浓缩。primary settling tanks (Preliminary and primary treatment units) sands, suspended solids etc) by physical processes(mechanical retention, filtration, gravitational sedimentation). Activated sludge aeration tanks and biofilm filters(Secondary treatment units) Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids, N/P nutrients by microbial adsorption, assimilation, degradation and transformation. GAC adsorption, chemical oxidation(Advanced treatment) Enhanced removal of suspended solids, color and organic matter from the wastewater. Typically accomplished by chemical addition or filtration or adsorption. Disinfection Application of chemicals such as chlorine gas for killing harmful microbes. 2. (1)V=3m× 5m× 10m=150(m3 ), HRT=150÷3000× 24(h)=1.2(h); (2)3000 m3 /d÷(10m× 5m)=60 m2 /d=2.5 m2 /h; (3) 3000 m3 /d×200mg/L=600kg/d; (4)600kg/d×50%=300 kg/d 3. Purposes: (1) satisfy the bCOD of the waste, (2) satisfy the endogenous respiration by the biomass, (3) satisfy the oxygen demand for nitrification, (4) provide adequate mixing, and (5) maintain a minimum dissolved oxygen concentration throughout the aeration tank Types: (1)fine bubble type(panel/dome/membrane, very high transfer efficiency); (2)coarse bubble type(low transfer efficiency); (3)static tube mixers/aerators(medium transfer efficiency); (4)rotor brush/disk(low transfer efficiency); (5)cascade type(low transfer efficiency); (6)slotted tube(low transfer efficiency). 4. 城市有机生活垃圾的堆肥处理分厌氧和好氧两种类型。前者主要是指在缺氧或绝对厌氧 条件下有机物发生的生化反应，具有速度慢、转化不彻底、臭味较重等问题。后者是城市 有机生活垃圾堆肥的主要方法，其反应过程主要包括有机碳的降解和转化、有机氮的分解， 形成的堆肥产品中腐殖酸及无机氮磷含量较高，经好氧堆肥后病原体得到有效杀灭，堆肥 产品可以作为优质肥料和土壤改良剂用于农林业生产，好氧堆肥的控制条件主要有温度、 垃圾含水率、通风和供氧、搅拌、微生物菌剂等。 5. Routine microscopic observations provide valuable monitoring information about the condition of the microbial population in the activated-sludge process. Specific information gathered includes changes in floc size and density the status of filamentous organism growth in the floc, the presence of Nocardia bacteria, and the type and abundance of higher life-forms such as protozoans and rotifers. Changes in these characteristics can provide an indication of the changes in the wastewater characteristics or of an operational problem. A decrease in the protozoan population may be indicative of DO limitations, operation at a lower SRT inhibitory substances in the wastewater. Early detection of filamentous or Nocardia growth will allow time for corrective action to be taken to minimize potential problems associated with excessive growth of these organisms. Procedures may be followed to identify the specific type of filamentous organism, which may help identify an opeating or design condition that encourages their growth. 6.（1）自由（离散）沉淀：沉沙池、初沉池初期；固体颗粒絮凝性差、粒径较大、浓度较 低，沉淀过程中互不干扰，独立完成沉淀过程。 （2）絮凝沉淀：初沉池后期、二沉池初期；固体颗粒有明显的絮凝性，沉淀过程中通过絮 凝作用使得粒径越来越大、沉淀越来越快。 （3）成层沉淀：二沉池后期；固体颗粒浓度较高，相互干扰严重，小颗粒和大颗粒拥阻在 一起形成沉淀层，颗粒的沉淀从外观上看是该层的沉降。 （4）压缩沉淀：污泥浓缩池。固体浓度很高，因固体颗粒下沉，污泥中游离态水和颗粒间 隙水被逐渐压出，污泥得以浓缩