and/or reinforced masonry 美2ireh Dof Non-rucr onal Crakes of masonry walls7.1 Introduction 7.1.4 modern masonry （with dual material） n Ductile design n to have masonry structures in high seismic areas designed capable of considerable inelastic behavior without a failure. n Confined masonry and/or reinforced masonry n consist of reinforced-concrete or reinforced-masonry elements such as constructional columns, core columns and ring beams etc., which confine the masonry walls along the edges n steel reinforcement n placed either in the joints and pockets between the units and embedded in the mortar, or in especially provided holes and channels within the units and grouted with concrete or grout n reinforced hollow unit masonry n horizontal reinforcement placed in the bed joints carries the shear n vertical reinforcement subjected lateral loads n truss mechanism in the wall, the tension components of bending and shear forces due to lateral load are carried by steel, and the compression components are carried by the masonry units 7.1 Introduction 7.1.4 modern masonry n Building’s Collapse n Diagonal Crakes of masonry walls n Failure of connection with walls n Floor collapse n Damages of Building’s corners n Damages of staircase rooms n Damages of Non-structural elements 7.2 Considerations after Wenchuan Earthquake Building’s Collapse Building’s Collapse Diagonal Crakes of masonry walls