7.3. Oxidation numbers and the period ic table Highest possible oxidation number = of its valence e"s Lowest possible oxidation number = of e"s needed to gain for an octet 74. Oxidation-reduction reaction (a). Any oxidation number change Red-ox reaction (b). Oxidation half-reaction(for Reducing agent ) Oxidation# t, lose e"s, being oxidized (c). Reduction half-reaction(for Oxid izing agent): Oxidation#l, gain e"s, being reduced 7.5. Balance the Red-ox reactions(Half-reaction method Find out species that are oxidized or reduced( based on their oxidation #s); Balance each half reaction If in a basic solution add oH-to each side to neutralize h Double check the conservation of mass and charges 8. Changes in States(Chapter 5, 12, 13.5--13.7) 3 classes 8. 1. State of Matters-Gas, liquid, and solid 8.2. Gas and Ideal Gas 2 assumptions for the ideal gas molecules: (1)no molecule size; (2)no intermolecular interaction 83. Ideal gas law: PV=nRT Select the correct value for the gas constant R, based on the units 8.4. Avogadro's law a).@ same T P, 1 mole of any ideal gas occupies the same volume (b).@ Standard temperature and pressure, I mole of any ideal gas takes 22. 4 liter 8.5. Mole fraction(Xi Xi=ni/ntotal= Pi /Ptotal=Vi/vtotal Note that all the n' s here only inchude gas speci Ies 8.6. Partial pressure(Pi): pressure of a gas component if it solely occupies the whole volume ◆ Ptotal:=PA+PB+.+P1 Pi= Pt 8.7. Partial volume(Vi): Volume of a gas component under t and Ptotal Vtotal=VA+Vb+ 8.8. Phase, Phase change, and Phase equilibrium (a). Liquid evaporation and the vapor pressure Estimate the relative magnitude of different molecules'vapor pressure, based on their molecular structures (b). Change of the vapor pressure with T: In(P2/P1)=-AHvap/[R(1/) (c). Boiling temperature(Tb): Tb, vapor pressure= 1 atm (d). Melting Freezing curves Understand the molecular view of melting freezing process Why the temperature does not increase when a solid melts, or a liquid boils? Why a liquid can go lower than its freezing point before it freezes? (e). Sublimation deposition7.3．Oxidation numbers and the periodic table  Highest possible oxidation number = # of its valence e￾s;  Lowest possible oxidation number = # of e￾s needed to gain for an octet 7.4．Oxidation-reduction reaction (a)．Any oxidation number change → Red-ox reaction (b)．Oxidation half-reaction (for Reducing agent): Oxidation # ↑, lose e￾s, being oxidized (c)．Reduction half-reaction (for Oxidizing agent): Oxidation # ↓, gain e￾s, being reduced 7.5．Balance the Red-ox reactions (Half-reaction method)  Find out species that are oxidized or reduced (based on their oxidation #s);  Balance each half reaction;  If in a basic solution, add OH- to each side to neutralize H+ ;  Double check the conservation of mass and charges 8．Changes in States (Chapter 5, 12, 13.5—13.7) 3 classes 8.1．State of Matters – Gas, liquid, and solid 8.2．Gas and Ideal Gas  2 assumptions for the ideal gas molecules: (1) no molecule size; (2) no intermolecular interaction 8.3．Ideal gas law: PV = nRT  Select the correct value for the gas constant R, based on the units. 8.4．Avogadro’s law (a)．@ same T & P, 1 mole of any ideal gas occupies the same volume; (b)．@ Standard temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any ideal gas takes 22.4 liter. 8.5．Mole fraction (Xi):  Xi = ni / ntotal = Pi / Ptotal = Vi / Vtotal  Note that all the n’s here only include gas species 8.6．Partial pressure (Pi): pressure of a gas component if it solely occupies the whole volume  Ptotal = PA + PB + …… + Pi  Pi = Ptotal × Xi 8.7．Partial volume (Vi): Volume of a gas component under T and Ptotal  Vtotal = VA + VB + …… + Vi  Pi × Vtotal = Ptotal × Vi 8.8．Phase, Phase change, and Phase equilibrium (a)．Liquid evaporation and the vapor pressure  Estimate the relative magnitude of different molecules’ vapor pressure, based on their molecular structures (b)．Change of the vapor pressure with T: ln (P2/P1) = – ΔHvap /[R (1/T2 – 1/T1)] (c)．Boiling temperature (Tb): @ Tb, vapor pressure = 1 atm (d)．Melting & Freezing curves:  Understand the molecular view of melting & freezing process:  Why the temperature does not increase when a solid melts, or a liquid boils?  Why a liquid can go lower than its freezing point before it freezes? (e)．Sublimation & deposition