Chapter 19 International wars,civil wars and the right to self-determination:ius ad bellum Lawful and unlawful wars:developments before 1945 The prohibition of the use of force in the United Nations Charter Self-defence Preventive self-defence Self-defence and claims to territory Self-defence against attacks on ships and aircraft Armed protection of nationals abroad Armed reprisals Immediacy and proportionality Collective self-defence Civil wars The legality of civil wars Participation by other states:help for the ins hed authoritie The theory that help for the established authorities is legal The theory that help for the established authorities is illegal Collective self-defence against subversion Conclusion Self-determination and the use of force Mandated territories,trust territories and non-self-governing territories Mandated territories Trust territories South West Africa (Namibia) Consequences of violations of the right of self-determination Creation of new states Title to territory Wars of national liberation New developments The effectiveness of the modern rules against the use of force 20 Means of waging war and criminal responsibility:ius in bello Lawful and unlawful means of waging war eapons The law of neutrality and economic uses of maritime warfare Reprisals Rules governing the conduct of civil wars 9 Chapter 19 International wars, civil wars and the right to self-determination: ius ad bellum Lawful and unlawful wars: developments before 1945 The prohibition of the use of force in the United Nations Charter Self-defence Preventive self-defence Self-defence and claims to territory Self-defence against attacks on ships and aircraft Armed protection of nationals abroad Armed reprisals Immediacy and proportionality Collective self-defence Civil wars The legality of civil wars Participation by other states: help for the insurgents Participation by other states: help for the established authorities The theory that help for the established authorities is legal The theory that help for the established authorities is illegal Collective self-defence against subversion Conclusion Self-determination and the use of force Mandated territories, trust territories and non-self-governing territories Mandated territories Trust territories South West Africa (Namibia) Non-self-governing territories Double standards? Consequences of violations of the right of self-determination Creation of new states Title to territory Wars of national liberation New developments The effectiveness of the modern rules against the use of force 20 Means of waging war and criminal responsibility: ius in bello Lawful and unlawful means of waging war Nuclear weapons The law of neutrality and economic uses of maritime warfare Reprisals Rules governing the conduct of civil wars