This involves financial institutions, mobile network operators, and [4]U. Varshney and R Vetter, " Mobile commerce start-up payment service providers amework, application and networking support, The mobile payments market offers much potential, and the 185-198.2002 mobile payments systems are still being developed although there are many challenges. At present, there are numerous available [ B. An and S. Papavassiliou, "A mobility-based technologies that might be applied to these systems, and there are clustering approach to support mobility management a decision about which technology is the most appropriate G o a variety of options for building the system infrastructure. Making and multicast routing in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks, "International Jouranl of Nenwrok mobile payments is not an easy task. Of course, it depends on the Management, vol. 11, no. 6, pp 387-395, 2001 type and size of a system and application. It may also be significantly influenced by the company and business sector that is developing the technology and by bureaucratic and political [6 EMC, (2003 ). EMC World Cellular Operate Benchmarking EMC IOnline]. Available from influence. The "winning" system may not offer the best www.emc-database.com[accessed26-5-2004] technology or the one most convenient for consumers. This paper has identified some possible short-range wireless [7 J.A. Senn, "The Emergence of M-commerce, technologies, including Bluetooth, IrDA, RFID and NFC, Computer, vol 33, no. 12, pp. 148-150, 2000 attempting to summarize these technologies. This paper has also selected two mobile ns as example 18 M. Hibberd, "East payment plan, "2004, pp 26-30 as discovered how wireless technology interacted with payments systems. Bluetooth and IrDA use totally [9S.J Barnes, "Under the skin: short-range embedded ireless technologies to implement the systems ireless technology, International Journal of formation Management, vol 22, no. 3, pp. 165-1 The new wireless technology is driving mobile payments systems forward. The convergence of wireless technologies provides a potential opportunity and platform for the growth of mobile [10 Bay, O,(2002). Bluetooth showing solid growth in payments. It clearly indicates that wireless technologies have an 2002. AB/ research [Online]. Available from important role to play in this application. http://www.abiresearch.com/abiprdisplay2.isp?pressid= mobile payments services provide an attractive, simple and rapid payment channel for users. The battle for control of the mobile [11 C. Adams and P Millard, "Personal Trust Space and payments infrastructure and market is likely to be very fierce, and Devices: " Geogra not be history"in the m- it has just started. There are many challenges and hurdles that commerce future, "Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaii need to be overcome. The"winner"is likely to be the one who can command the biggest support from the powerful sectors such as financial institutions, companies, governments, and of course, [12 J. Bray and C Sturman, Bluetooth 1.1 Connect Without onsumers, It may not be the best technology and the cheapest Cable. New Jersey: Prentical Hall, 2002 option for consumers since the mobile payments application is a potential commoditized market where services are differentiated [13 N. Sriskanthan, F. Tan, and A Karande, "Bluetooth by marketing rather than technology. The next few years will be vital for these short-range wireless technologies and mobile Microsystems, voL. 26, no. 6, pp. 193-206, 2002 payments applications. [14]E. Jason, "Defining Bluetooth's Position in the Short range wireless technology market, 2003 6. REFERENCES [U. Varshney andR. vetter, " Emerging mobile and [15 Ericsson, (2001). Ericsson in cooperation with Eurocard wireless networks, " Communications of the ACM, vol AB in Sweden to test Bluetooth based wireless payment. Ericsson Press [Online]. Available from http://www.ericsson.com/press/archive/200102/200104 I R Malladi and D. agrawal, "Current and future 04-0103html[ Accessed3-4-2003] applications of mobile and wireless networks, Communications of the ACM, vol. 45, no 10, pp. 144- [16]B Potter, "Bluetooth- Security Optional, "Nework 146,2002 Security, vol. 2003, no 5, pp. 4-5, 2003 3] E F. Churchill and A J. Munro, "Work/Place: Mobile I 7 B toth sono on d s. Wetzel, "Security Weaknesses in technologies and arenas of activity, 22 ed ACM, 2001 pp.3-9 [18]K. Vaxevanakis, T. Zahariadis, and N. Vogiatzis, Wireless home networks: a review on wireless homeThis involves financial institutions, mobile network operators, and start-up payment service providers. The mobile payments market offers much potential, and the mobile payments systems are still being developed although there are many challenges. At present, there are numerous available technologies that might be applied to these systems, and there are a variety of options for building the system infrastructure. Making a decision about which technology is the most appropriate for mobile payments is not an easy task. Of course, it depends on the type and size of a system and application. It may also be significantly influenced by the company and business sector that is developing the technology and by bureaucratic and political influence. The “winning” system may not offer the best technology or the one most convenient for consumers. This paper has identified some possible short-range wireless technologies, including Bluetooth, IrDA, RFID and NFC, attempting to summarize these technologies. This paper has also selected two mobile payments applications as examples, and it has discovered how wireless technology interacted with mobile payments systems. Bluetooth and IrDA use totally different wireless technologies to implement the systems. The new wireless technology is driving mobile payments systems forward. The convergence of wireless technologies provides a potential opportunity and platform for the growth of mobile payments. It clearly indicates that wireless technologies have an important role to play in this application. Mobile payments services provide an attractive, simple and rapid payment channel for users. The battle for control of the mobile payments infrastructure and market is likely to be very fierce, and it has just started. There are many challenges and hurdles that need to be overcome. The “winner” is likely to be the one who can command the biggest support from the powerful sectors such as financial institutions, companies, governments, and of course, consumers. It may not be the best technology and the cheapest option for consumers since the mobile payments application is a potential commoditized market where services are differentiated by marketing rather than technology. The next few years will be vital for these short-range wireless technologies and mobile payments applications. 6. REFERENCES [1] U. Varshney and R. Vetter, "Emerging mobile and wireless networks," Communications of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 73-81, 2000. [2] R. Malladi and D. Agrawal, "Current and future applications of mobile and wireless networks," Communications of the ACM, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 144- 146, 2002. [3] E. F. Churchill and A. J. Munro, "Work/Place: Mobile technologies and arenas of activity,", 22 ed ACM, 2001, pp. 3-9. [4] U. Varshney and R. Vetter, "Mobile commerce: framework, application and networking support," Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 185-198, 2002. [5] B. An and S. Papavassiliou, "A mobility-based clustering approach to support mobility management and multicast routing in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks," International Jouranl of Netwrok Management, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 387-395, 2001. [6] EMC, (2003). EMC World Cellular Operator Benchmarking. EMC [Online]. Available from: www.emc-database.com [Accessed 26-5-2004] [7] J. A. Senn, "The Emergence of M-commerce," Computer, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 148-150, 2000. [8] M. Hibberd, "East payment plan," 2004, pp. 26-30. [9] S. J. Barnes, "Under the skin: short-range embedded wireless technology," International Journal of Information Management, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 165-179, 2002. [10] Bay, O., (2002). Bluetooth showing solid growth in 2002. ABI research [Online]. Available from: http://www.abiresearch.com/abiprdisplay2.jsp?pressid= 115 [Accessed 4-5-2004] [11] C. Adams and P. Millard, "Personal Trust Space and Devices: "Geography will not be history" in the m￾commerce future," Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaii International Conference on Business, 2003. [12] J. Bray and C. Sturman, Bluetooth 1.1 Connect Without Cable. New Jersey: Prentical Hall, 2002. [13] N. Sriskanthan, F. Tan, and A. Karande, "Bluetooth based home automation system," Microprocessors and Microsystems, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 193-206, 2002. [14] E. Jason, "Defining Bluetooth's Position in the Short range wireless technology market," 2003. [15] Ericsson, (2001). Ericsson in cooperation with Eurocard AB in Sweden to test Bluetooth based wireless payment. Ericsson Press [Online]. Available from: http://www.ericsson.com/press/archive/2001Q2/200104 04-0103.html [Accessed 3-4-2003] [16] B. Potter, "Bluetooth - Security Optional," Network Security, vol. 2003, no. 5, pp. 4-5, 2003. [17] M. Jakobsson and S. Wetzel, "Security Weaknesses in Bluetooth," 2001. [18] K. Vaxevanakis, T. Zahariadis, and N. Vogiatzis, "Wireless home networks: A review on wireless home