For chronic hepatitis: 28 Major causes of death: relate to cirrhosis (liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or massive hematemesis from esophageal varices) Patients with long-standing HBv, Hcv or HDV infection may increase risk for hepatocellular carcinoma HDV is replication defective, and dependent on hBv coinfection for multiplication **HAV and HEV; not cause chronic hepatitisMajor causes of death: relate to cirrhosis ( liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or massive hematemesis from esophageal varices) Patients with long-standing HBV, HCV or HDV infection may increase risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. For chronic hepatitis: 28 HDV is replication defective, and dependent on HBV coinfection for multiplication. **HAV and HEV: not cause chronic hepatitis