Copyright and Reprint Permissions.Educational or personal use of this material is permitted without fee provided such copies 1)are not made for profit or in lieu of purchasing copies for classes,and that this notice and a full citation to the original work appear on the first page of the copy and 2)do not imply IEEE endorsement of any third-party products or services.Permission to reprint/republish this material for commercial,advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from IEEE by writing to the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office,445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway,NJ 08854-4141 or pubs-permissions@ieee.org. Reference to any specific commercial products,process,or service does not imply endorsement by IEEE.The views and opin- ions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of IEEE. IEEE makes this document available on an"as is"basis and makes no warranty,express or implied,as to the accuracy,capabil- ity,efficiency merchantability,or functioning of this document.In no event will IEEE be liable for any general,consequential, indirect,incidental,exemplary,or special damages,even if IEEE has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Copyright 2014 IEEE.All rights reserved. Paperback ISBN-10:0-7695-5166-1 Paperback ISBN.-13:978-0-7695-5166-1 Digital copies of SWEBOK Guide V3.0 may be downloaded free of charge for personal and academic use via www.swebok.org. IEEE Computer Society Staff for This Publication Angela Burgess,Executive Director Anne Marie Kelly,Associate Executive Director,Director of Govemance Evan M.Butterfield.Director of Products and Services John Keppler,Senior Manager,Professional Education Kate Guillemette,Product Development Editor Dorian McClenahan,Education Program Product Developer Michelle Phon,Professional Education Certification Program Coordinator Jennie Zhu-Mai,Editorial Designer IEEE Computer Society Products and Services.The world-renowned IEEE Computer Society publishes,promotes,and dis- tributes a wide variety of authoritative computer science and engineering joumals,magazines,conference proceedings,and professional education products.Visit the Computer Society at www.computerorg for more information.Copyright and Reprint Permissions. Educational or personal use of this material is permitted without fee provided such copies 1) are not made for profit or in lieu of purchasing copies for classes, and that this notice and a full citation to the original work appear on the first page of the copy and 2) do not imply IEEE endorsement of any third-party products or services. Permission to reprint/republish this material for commercial, advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from IEEE by writing to the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141 or pubs-permissions@ieee.org. Reference to any specific commercial products, process, or service does not imply endorsement by IEEE. The views and opin￾ions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of IEEE. IEEE makes this document available on an “as is” basis and makes no warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, capabil￾ity, efficiency merchantability, or functioning of this document. In no event will IEEE be liable for any general, consequential, indirect, incidental, exemplary, or special damages, even if IEEE has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Copyright © 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. Paperback ISBN-10: 0-7695-5166-1 Paperback ISBN-13: 978-0-7695-5166-1 Digital copies of SWEBOK Guide V3.0 may be downloaded free of charge for personal and academic use via www.swebok.org. IEEE Computer Society Staff for This Publication Angela Burgess, Executive Director Anne Marie Kelly, Associate Executive Director, Director of Governance Evan M. Butterfield, Director of Products and Services John Keppler, Senior Manager, Professional Education Kate Guillemette, Product Development Editor Dorian McClenahan, Education Program Product Developer Michelle Phon, Professional Education & Certification Program Coordinator Jennie Zhu-Mai, Editorial Designer IEEE Computer Society Products and Services. The world-renowned IEEE Computer Society publishes, promotes, and dis￾tributes a wide variety of authoritative computer science and engineering journals, magazines, conference proceedings, and professional education products. Visit the Computer Society at www.computer.org for more information