382 Chapter 10 Stress and Worker Well-Being pressure,heart rate,and cholesterol.Gastrointestinal outcomes indude digestive problems of various kinds.Biochemical outcomes indude increases in cortisol and catecholamines (stress hormones).Stressful work situations are linked to increased levels of cortisol,norepi- nephrine,and adrenaline in the bloodstream(Fox,Dwyer,Ganster,1993).Long-lasting. elevated stress hormone levels contribute to decreased functioning of the immune system and the development of coronary heart disease(Cohen Hebert,1996;Krantz&McCeney. 2002).In the United States,coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death among both men and women (American Heart Association,2006).In sum,there is clear evidence of the negative physiological consequences that result from chronic exposure to stressors. Work Schedules As we saw in Chapter 9,work schedules are playing an increasingly important role in man- aging work-life balance in two ways:Individuals desire the freedom to pursue leisure activ. ities outside of work,and they often have obligations to fulfill multiple roles as spouse. caregiver,and parent.This suggests that the scheduling of work can have substantial effects mmon n partcdlat on stress and worker well-being.There are three different scheduling formats that bear 红诗0g的中n discussion:shift work,flextime,and compressed workweeks ae-Ggw指 dpkw构n6 (rcadan epde The Shift Work 24he南cye in whidh humans tend te be The scheduling of work according to a particular time period is called shift work The study active dng houn时l of shift work and its effects on workers has a long and rich research history.which is well and nactive during hours时 presented in a number of sources (e.g.Landy,1989:Tepas,Paley,Popkin.1997).Much of darkness this work has centered on the 24-hour or circadian cycle of humans,whose physiology Fired shift Aparticu知 tends to make them active during hours of light and inactive (e-g.sleeping or resting)dur 浦春e向 ing hours of darkness.Thus,workers assigned to shifts during daylight hours are following 若可d物a时 the circadian cycle,while those whose shift includes hours of darkness are working against Rath通Ah油 the cycle.Psychologists have found that.in general,disturbance of the circadian cycle has changes over penod adverse consequences for health,performance,and general satisfaction.Shift work is cate- gorized into two different types:fixed shifts and rotating shifts If workers are permanently assigned to a particular shift.the shift is called a fixed shift.Typical shifts include DEPT the day shift (e.g.7:00 am.to 3:30 p.m.): CRASH RESCUE the afternoon or evening shift.often called the "swing"shift (e.g.3:00 p.m.to 11:30 p.m.):and the night shift.often called the"midnight"orgraveyard"shift (e-g.11:30 p.m.to 7:00 a.m.).Workers who move from shift to shift are said to be working a rotating shift.Shifts can rotate rapidly (e.g.movement to a different shift every week)or slowly (e.g.a change of shift every three months).Union workers can often bid on shifts based on seniority. resulting in more frequent shift changes for workers with less seniority. Generally speaking.rotating shifts are Shiftwerk isaecessity in esential services that need to be fully functiona 24hours more likely to be associated with problems a day.seven days a week. than fixed shifts (Parkes,1999).This is