Land-Labor Ratio High Low Class cleavage: Urban-rural cleavage: Land and capital free-trading Capital and labor free-trading Advanced Economy assertive assertive Labor defensiveproeons Land defensive,roetions (Radicalism) Urban-rural cleavage: Class cleavage: Land free-trading,assertive Labor free-trading,assertive Backward Economy Labor and capital defensive, Land and capital defensive, protectionist protectionist (U.S.Populism) (Socialism)