instability, imbalance a state of unhappiness Animals with some degree of intelligence seem to find happiness in reinforcement Once they have gained one or more of their goals such as foo arn to repeat the actions that led to satisfaction of those goals. This repetition or reinforcement produces a state of balance or sense of happiness According to this theory, only animals with a significant capacity to learn should be able to experience happiness. But in truth learn ing can take place through surprisingly simple short-term action such as scratching an itch, followed by pleasure, followed by more scratching, and so on. Thus learning can occur with almost no conscious thought For human beings, blessed with the ability to reason, goals are not limited to the short-term satisfaction of needs. Indeed, there is a strong link between happiness and the fulfillment of long-term goals. Even if human strive for goals that are more complex and longer-term than the animals' goals, once those goals are gained happiness is reinforced 1. Why does the speaker mention"magnets? 2. Accord ing to the passage, what may animals do after they have got food? 3. Which of the following is true according to the speaker? 4. What does the speaker say is special about the goals of human beings? 5. Which of the following best captures the main idea of the passage? Keys: ID2.C3. B 4. 5.A IV Speaking out MODEL 1 Don't let it get to you! Susan: You look so angry. What happened? Chris: Nothing I 'd rather not talk about it. Just dont ask Susan: Come on. Relax Talk to me Chris: All right. This morning I took my car to the garage to check the air cond itioner They only gave it a quick look refilled it with some Freon, and charged me 300bucks Susan: No wonder you're livid. Id be mad too if someone ripped me off like that4 instability, imbalance a state of unhappiness. Animals with some degree of intelligence seem to find happiness in reinforcement. Once they have gained one or more of their goals such as food, and water, they learn to repeat the actions that led to satisfaction of those goals. This repetition or reinforcement produces a state of balance or sense of happiness. According to this theory, only animals with a significant capacity to learn should be able to experience happiness. But in truth learning can take place through surprisingly simple short-term action such as scratching an itch, followed by pleasure, followed by more scratching, and so on. Thus learning can occur with almost no conscious thought. For human beings, blessed with the ability to reason, goals are not limited to the short-term satisfaction of needs. Indeed, there is a strong link between happiness and the fulfillment of long-term goals. Even if human strive for goals that are more complex and longer-term than the animals’ goals, once those goals are gained, happiness is reinforced. 1. Why does the speaker mention “magnets”? 2. According to the passage, what may animals do after they have got food? 3. Which of the following is true according to the speaker? 4. What does the speaker say is special about the goals of human beings? 5. Which of the following best captures the main idea of the passage? Keys: 1D 2.C3. B 4.D 5.A IV. Speaking Out MODEL 1 Don’t let it get to you! Susan: You look so angry. What happened? Chris: Nothing I’d rather not talk about it. Just don’t ask. Susan: Come on. Relax. Talk to me. Chris: All right. This morning I took my car to the garage to check the air conditioner. They only gave it a quick look, refilled it with some Freon, and charged me 300bucks! Susan: No wonder you’re livid. I’d be mad too if someone ripped me off like that