References Banse.R..&Gawr G vald.A.G..McGhee.D.E..Schwartz.J.K.L.(1998 act witho Bem.D.() Ha ical As W.(1989).Lay epis Synthe cip onof dis rea McGregor.L Newby-Cark.1.R ().Rer d Social P as psych 07.382-194 ort.In E. Fa y in au. line?Joumal of Personaliry and Fa (07) onski.B.(002) What do ity of ans ,R,Z1 .K.C egory-basednd Strack.F&De 0036) Zann ()Dissonance and the pill:An References Banse, R., & Gawronski, B. (2003). Die Skala Motivation zu vorurteilsfreiem Verhalten: Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Validit€at [The scale motivation to act without prejudice: Psycho￾metric properties and validity]. Diagnostica, 49, 4–13. Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183– 200. Bem, D. J., & McConnell, H. K. (1970). Testing the self-perception explanation of dissonance phenomena: On the salience of prem￾anipulation attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 23–31. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol￾ogy, 56, 5–18. Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 316–326. Elliot, A. J., & Devine, P. G. (1994). On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 382–394. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027. Fazio, R. H., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1977). Dissonance and self￾perception: An integrative view of each theory
s proper domain of application. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 464–479. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203–210. Gawronski, B. (2002). What does the Implicit Association Test measure? A test of the convergent and discriminant validity of prejudice related IATs. Experimental Psychology, 49, 171–180. Gawronski, B., Ehrenberg, K., Banse, R., Zukova, J., & Klauer, K. C. (2003a). It
s in the mind of the beholder: The impact of stereotypic associations on category-based and individuating impression for￾mation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 16–30. Gawronski, B., Geschke, D., & Banse, R. (2003b). Implicit bias in impression formation: Associations influence the construal of individuating information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 573–589. Gilbert, D. T. (1991). How mental systems believe. American Psychologist, 46, 107–119. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. Harmon-Jones, E., & Mills, J. (Eds.). (1999). Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum Press. Kruglanski, A. W., & Klar, Y. (1987). A view from a bridge: Synthesizing consistency and attribution paradigms from a lay epistemic perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 211–241. Leippe, M. R., & Eisenstadt, D. (1994). Generalization of dissonance reduction: Decreasing prejudice through induced compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 395–413. McGregor, I., Newby-Clark, I. R., & Zanna, M. P. (1999). Remem￾bering dissonance: Simultaneous accessibility of inconsistent cog￾nitive elements moderates epistemic discomfort. In E. Harmon￾Jones & J. Mills (Eds.), Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology (pp. 325–353). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Mitchell, J. P., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Contextual variations in implicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychol￾ogy: General, 132, 455–469. Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1996). Cognitive dissonance reduction as constraint satisfaction. Psychological Review, 103, 219–240. Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22. Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to under￾lying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108–131. Steffens, M., & Plewe, I. (2001). Items
cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift f€ur Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 123–134. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (in press). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101–126. Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1974). Dissonance and the pill: An attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of disso￾nance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 703–709. 542 B. Gawronski, F. Strack / Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40 (2004) 535–542