Primary Removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the Advanced Primary anced removal of suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater Typically accomplished by chemical addition or filtration Secondar Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids. Disinfection is also typically included in the definition of conventional secondary treatment Tertian Removal of residual suspended solids, usually by granular medium filtration or microscreen. Disinfection is also typically a part of tertiary treatment. Nutrient In this Advanced emoval of dissolved and suspended materials remaining after normal biological treatment when required for various water reuse applications A listing of unit operations and processes used for the removal of major constituents found in wastewater is presented in Tab 1-3 Tab 1-3 Unit Operations and Processes used to Remove Constituents Found in Wastewater Constituent I Unit Operation or Process Suspended solids Screening, grit removal, sedimentation, high-rate clarification, flotation depth filtration, surface filtration Biodegradable organics Aerobic suspended growth variations, aerobic attached growth variations, anaerobic suspended growth variations, anaerobic attached growth variations, lagoon variations, physical-chemical systems, chemical oxidation, advanced oxidation membrane filtration Nutrient-nItrogen Chemical oxidation, suspended growth nitrification and denitrification variations, fixed film nitrification and denitrification variations, air stripping, Nutrient-phosphorus Chemical treatment, biological removal Colloidal and dissolved Membranes, chemical treatment, carbon adsorption, ion exchange Volatile Air stripping, carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation compounds Odors Chemical scrubbers, carbon adsorption, biofliters, compost filters About 20 vears ago. biological nutrient removal(BNR) for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, was viewed as an innovative process for advanced wastewater treatment. Because of the extensive research into the mechanisms of bNR, the advantages of its use, and the number of placed into operations, nutrient removal, for all practical purpose become a part of conventional wastewater treatment. When compared to chemical treatment methods. BNR uses less chemical, reduces the production of waste solids and has lower energy consumptions. Because of the importance of BNR in wastewater treatment, BNR is integrated into the discussion of theory, application, and design of biological treatment systems Land treatment processes, commonly termed"natural systems, "combine chemical, and biological treatment mechanisms and produce water with quality similar to or better than that from advanced wastewater treatment. Natural systems are used mainly with small treatment systems Current status Up until the late 1980s. conventional secondary treatment was the most common methods of treatment for the removal of BOD and TSS. In the United States, nutrients removal was used in special circumstances. uch as in the great Lakes area where sensitive nutrient-related water quality conditions were identified Because of nutrient enrichment that has led to eutrophication and degradation(due in part to point source discharges), nutrient removal processes have evolved and now are used extensively in other areas as well The municipal wastewater treatment enterprise is composed of over 16.000 plants that are used to treat a total flow of about 1400 cubic meters per second. Approximately 92 per cent of the total existing flow is andled by plants having capacity of 0.044 m /s and larger. Nearly one-half of the present design capacity is situated in plants providing greater than secondary treatment. In the last 10 vears. many plants have been designed using BNR. Effluent filtration has also been installed the effectiveness of disinfection especially for ultraviolet (UV disinfection systems. because(1) the removal of larger particles of suspended solids that harbor bacteria enhances the reduction in coliform bacteria and(2) the reduction of turbidity improves the transmittance of uv light Effluent reuse 1-51-5 Primary Removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater Advanced Primary Enhanced removal of suspended solids and organic matter from the wastewater. Typically accomplished by chemical addition or filtration Secondary Removal of biodegradable organics, suspended solids. Disinfection is also typically included in the definition of conventional secondary treatment Tertiary Removal of residual suspended solids, usually by granular medium filtration or microscreens. Disinfection is also typically a part of tertiary treatment. Nutrient removal is often included in this definition. Advanced Removal of dissolved and suspended materials remaining after normal biological treatment when required for various water reuse applications A listing of unit operations and processes used for the removal of major constituents found in wastewater is presented in Tab 1-3. Tab 1-3 Unit Operations and Processes used to Remove Constituents Found in Wastewater Constituent Unit Operation or Process Suspended solids Screening, grit removal, sedimentation, high-rate clarification, flotation, chemical precipitation, depth filtration, surface filtration Biodegradable organics Aerobic suspended growth variations, aerobic attached growth variations, anaerobic suspended growth variations, anaerobic attached growth variations, lagoon variations, physical-chemical systems, chemical oxidation, advanced oxidation, membrane filtration Nutrient-nitrogen Chemical oxidation, suspended growth nitrification and denitrification variations, fixed film nitrification and denitrification variations, air stripping, ion exchange Nutrient-phosphorus Chemical treatment, biological removal Pathogens Chlorine compounds, chlorine dioxide, ozone, UV radiation Colloidal and dissolved solids Membranes, chemical treatment, carbon adsorption, ion exchange Volatile organic compounds Air stripping, carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation Odors Chemical scrubbers, carbon adsorption, biofliters, compost filters About 20 years ago, biological nutrient removal (BNR) for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, was viewed as an innovative process for advanced wastewater treatment. Because of the extensive research into the mechanisms of BNR, the advantages of its use, and the number of BNR systems that have been placed into operations, nutrient removal, for all practical purposes, has become a part of conventional wastewater treatment. When compared to chemical treatment methods, BNR uses less chemical, reduces the production of waste solids, and has lower energy consumptions. Because of the importance of BNR in wastewater treatment, BNR is integrated into the discussion of theory, application, and design of biological treatment systems. Land treatment processes, commonly termed “natural systems,” combine chemical, and biological treatment mechanisms and produce water with quality similar to or better than that from advanced wastewater treatment. Natural systems are used mainly with small treatment systems. Current Status Up until the late 1980s, conventional secondary treatment was the most common methods of treatment for the removal of BOD and TSS. In the United States, nutrients removal was used in special circumstances, such as in the Great Lakes area where sensitive nutrient-related water quality conditions were identified. Because of nutrient enrichment that has led to eutrophication and degradation (due in part to point source discharges), nutrient removal processes have evolved and now are used extensively in other areas as well. The municipal wastewater treatment enterprise is composed of over 16,000 plants that are used to treat a total flow of about 1400 cubic meters per second. Approximately 92 per cent of the total existing flow is handled by plants having capacity of 0.044 m3 /s and larger.Nearly one-half of the present design capacity is situated in plants providing greater than secondary treatment. In the last 10 years, many plants have been designed using BNR. Effluent filtration has also been installed where the removal of residual suspended solids is required. Filtration is especially effective in improving the effectiveness of disinfection, especially for ultraviolet (UV) disinfection systems, because (1) the removal of larger particles of suspended solids that harbor bacteria enhances the reduction in coliform bacteria and (2) the reduction of turbidity improves the transmittance of UV light. Effluent reuse