20 Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription called broad transcription the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg. <this an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated<t Both<th>and <pare allophones of the phoneme/t/ 27 Vowl: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total of the air can be Manner of articulatio ion refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes througl certain parts of the vocal tract Place of articulation he production of consonants, place of articulation refers where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air. Distinctive features: a term of phonology, i.e. a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. 31 Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is dev ised by International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions. IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources, such as Roman small letters, italics uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics, etc Suprasegmental: suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable, stress, tone,, and Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation morpheme the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatica 36 compound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. 24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. 26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract. 29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air. 30． Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. 31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. 32． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc. 33． Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34． Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation. 35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical. 36. compound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as