CONTENTS xix 7.7 THE OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE OF COMPUTATION 181 7.8 SELECTIVE EXPORTS AND INFORMATION HIDING 191 7.9 PUTTING EVERYTHING TOGETHER 194 7.10 DISCUSSION 203 7.11 KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 213 7.12 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 215 EXERCISES 216 Chapter 8:The run-time structure:objects 217 8.1 OBJECTS 218 8.2 OBJECTS AS A MODELING TOOL 228 8.3 MANIPULATING OBJECTS AND REFERENCES 231 8.4 CREATION PROCEDURES 236 8.5 MORE ON REFERENCES 240 8.6 OPERATIONS ON REFERENCES 242 8.7 COMPOSITE OBJECTS AND EXPANDED TYPES 254 8.8 ATTACHMENT:REFERENCE AND VALUE SEMANTICS 261 8.9 DEALING WITH REFERENCES:BENEFITS AND DANGERS 265 8.10 DISCUSSION 270 8.11 KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 276 8.12 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 277 EXERCISES 277 Chapter 9:Memory management 279 9.1 WHAT HAPPENS TO OBJECTS 279 9.2 THE CASUAL APPROACH 291 9.3 RECLAIMING MEMORY:THE ISSUES 293 9.4 PROGRAMMER-CONTROLLED DEALLOCATION 294 9.5 THE COMPONENT-LEVEL APPROACH 297 9.6 AUTOMATIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT 301 9.7 REFERENCE COUNTING 302 9.8 GARBAGE COLLECTION 304 9.9 PRACTICAL ISSUES OF GARBAGE COLLECTION 309 9.10 AN ENVIRONMENT WITH MEMORY MANAGEMENT 312 9.11 KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 315 9.12 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 315 EXERCISES 316 Chapter 10:Genericity 317 10.1 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL TYPE GENERALIZATION 317 10.2 THE NEED FOR TYPE PARAMETERIZATION 318 10.3 GENERIC CLASSES 320CONTENTS xix 7.7 THE OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE OF COMPUTATION 181 7.8 SELECTIVE EXPORTS AND INFORMATION HIDING 191 7.9 PUTTING EVERYTHING TOGETHER 194 7.10 DISCUSSION 203 7.11 KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 213 7.12 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 215 EXERCISES 216 Chapter 8: The run-time structure: objects 217 8.1 OBJECTS 218 8.2 OBJECTS AS A MODELING TOOL 228 8.3 MANIPULATING OBJECTS AND REFERENCES 231 8.4 CREATION PROCEDURES 236 8.5 MORE ON REFERENCES 240 8.6 OPERATIONS ON REFERENCES 242 8.7 COMPOSITE OBJECTS AND EXPANDED TYPES 254 8.8 ATTACHMENT: REFERENCE AND VALUE SEMANTICS 261 8.9 DEALING WITH REFERENCES: BENEFITS AND DANGERS 265 8.10 DISCUSSION 270 8.11 KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 276 8.12 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 277 EXERCISES 277 Chapter 9: Memory management 279 9.1 WHAT HAPPENS TO OBJECTS 279 9.2 THE CASUAL APPROACH 291 9.3 RECLAIMING MEMORY: THE ISSUES 293 9.4 PROGRAMMER-CONTROLLED DEALLOCATION 294 9.5 THE COMPONENT-LEVEL APPROACH 297 9.6 AUTOMATIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT 301 9.7 REFERENCE COUNTING 302 9.8 GARBAGE COLLECTION 304 9.9 PRACTICAL ISSUES OF GARBAGE COLLECTION 309 9.10 AN ENVIRONMENT WITH MEMORY MANAGEMENT 312 9.11 KEY CONCEPTS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 315 9.12 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 315 EXERCISES 316 Chapter 10: Genericity 317 10.1 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL TYPE GENERALIZATION 317 10.2 THE NEED FOR TYPE PARAMETERIZATION 318 10.3 GENERIC CLASSES 320