480 PART FIVE ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES CHAPTER 20 THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT:LEADING THE NATION 481 If presidential career bureaucrats,they must gain their confidence.However,career bureaucrats are likely to be more committed to their agencles'goals than to the president's."The civil service system protects President careerists,so they cannot easily be removed from their positions even if they work against the president's objectives.To gain their cooperation presidential appointees must achieve a working compromise between the president's goals and those of the bureaucratic organizations.Such delicate maneuvering requires managerial skills that many inexperienced appointees lack.Chapters 22 and 23 examine more closely the relationship between presidential appointees and 2, career bureaucrats. X.oo ORGANIZING THE EXTENDED PRESIDENCY Effective use of appointees by the president requires two-way communication. The president cannot possibly meet regularly with all his appointees or views to them. Patterns of Organization Presidents have relied on a variety of techniques to regulate the flow of information to and from the Oval Offce.One arrangement,used by Eisenhow. er.Nixon,Reagan,and Bush,resembles the way the military and most corporations are organized.It places the president at the top of an organization- al pyramid and his closest personal advisers,each of who m is assigned specific responsibilities,at the second level (see Figure 20-2).All information and Clashing,Beliets within the Executive Beanch,"American 90u :1976461. recommendations from lower levels must be submitted to these top aides,who FIGURE 20-2 Man decide whether these reports should be forwarded to the president.This tey:The Pyra 3心11入 hierarchical arrangement,with its multiple levels of supervision,permits morr effective sontml of subordinat Hietarchtcal organization also has the advan- Organization In fhe pyramid form that some tage of freeing thepresident-fremt the need to deal with the many small issues presidents have ed to organlze Heads of State and Heads of lower house (Bundestag)of that reach the Whiie Homse heir stals,informaloo and Government the federal Assembly The Coamtry Head ol State Head of eetm台ondationts that Most demnocrades divide the Unibed States )s one of a tew A major disadvantage of the pyramid form is the danger that presidential owr-level odvisees wish to countries in which the roles Canada Govemor general advisers will make decisions that should he passed along for the president to head of state:who is the bed of head of make.Another disadvantage is that the pyramid form can result in misdirected onial leader,and of ihe er-blocked information The president may be denied access to apinions that ho is the In Great France President Premier his close advisers decide are wrone or nnimportant.The tisk is that he wit not evel aide be able to take important views and facts into account as he makes his policy e chdef of sa Grea Edtatn ●Ueen Prmne minister lealy President n0的inisbet decisions,so that the shances that they will prove ineffecfive are increased. prime minisber,respectively. president must devobe fapan Prime mlnister President President A second approach to staff organization was developed by Franklin D. In demmnoeracies without a cniderable time bo Roosevelt and adapted by Presidents Kennedy,Iohnson.Ford,and Carter.Each hereditary manarchy,the eremonial functio线such a移 Prime ministet placed himself at the center of the organization,accessible to a fairly large position of head of state is dinners foe vsting heads of nuntber of advtsers (see Figure 20-3).This "hub-ot-the-wheel (or circular) stahe.The maicr advantaes West Germany choeen by the legislattre. deat alone is -ferm attows more information to president and provides.him witha West Germany's head of greater range of options and opinions.Roosevelt and Kennedy-were partieularl state,for ple,is a hecerefnaianl and that his adept at operating within this organizatienal framework:each surrounded himself with talented -advisers andd knew how to make them work tegether as a mbly;the team even while they generated competing ideas. the penoni a nt the chancellor,who is cho en by th神majority四rty前he