Cooperation is a Basic Component of Evolution Nature 2012 a b Autocatalysis Specificity Selfishness Dive rsificat ion Hypercycle Cooperativity Figure I|Theemergenceofhypercycles.a.A primor dial replicator molecule(R)enhances its own assembly from substr atemolecules (S)in a simple autocatalytic cycle.b,Imperfect replication generates a set ofrelated replicators each promoting the synthesis of all the others.c,d.The introduction of biases in replicator specificity gives structureto the network and canlead to selfish subsystems(c)or to a cooperative hypercycle (d)akin to the system describedby Vaidya andcolleagues1.Such hypercycles remain globally autocatalytic,but are moreresistant to the accumulation of mutations enabling replicators to specialize andto acquirenewfunctions.Thick and da shedred arrows indic ateincreased and decreased effic acy respectively at enhancingreplicator assembly.2017/12/5 1 5 上海交通大学通识核心课 教授 李大伟 电邮 daweili@sjtu.edu.cn 电话：34204744 助教 朱 奇 电邮 zq0525@126.co 电话：34205436 Cooperation is a Basic Component of Evolution Nature 2012