The final principle of outlining we will discuss is the notion of division,and it is just as important as the ideas of subordination and coordination.If you are going to divide a point,such as a main point into subpoints,you need to have two or more subpoints in order to do so.The same is said for dividing subpoints as well-you must have two sub-subpoints if you plan to create a new level for the outline. More succinctly:if you have a main point I,you must have a main point Il,and if you have a subpoint A,you must have a subpoint B. and,of course,if you have a sub-subpoint 1,you must have a sub-subpoint 2. The principle of division ensures you give adequate attention to each line and claim you make in a speech.If you have too many claims and not enough evidence then the speech needs more attention to the supporting materials.Division ensures balance,explanation, and organization within the hierarchy of ideas and should not be discarded as unimportant. Outlining helps you logically organize your ideas by adhering to the three principles of subordination,coordination,and division. Because of the structured nature of an outline and the use of these ideas,it is easy to see how an outline serves a speaker better than bullet points or random notes.It affords you the ability to lay the main points out and logically put the subpoints and sub-subpoints neatly into the hierarchy.Additionally,the earlier you start the outlining process,the better your speech will be,and the more you get into the practice of outlining,the more you will realize that it is a valuable tool,whether you are preparing a speech or writing a research paper. Preparation Outline We have repeatedly noted that developing a speech is a creative and fluid process,and the development of an outline is no different. We mentioned a few moments ago that organizing your speech begins when you start gathering information,but that it accelerates when you sit down to prepare an outline.The earlier you do this,the more time you have to make changes and work through different ways to deliver your material.The preparation outline is a tool that facilitates such changes in a smooth fashion by visually illustrating the information you collected and the arguments you wish to make. Preparation outlines follow several rules.The first is that each symbol of the outline is followed by a full sentence.For example,we show a main point and subpoint: I.Main point stated as a full sentence A.Subpoint stated as a full sentence B.Subpoint stated as a full sentence ll.Main point stated as a full sentence A.Subpoint stated as a full sentence B.Subpoint stated as a full sentence Full sentences help demonstrate what you want to say and also allow you to make specific connections between points and evidence. Additionally,they allow you to practice your speech in its entirety,which as you will see when we discuss how to create a speaking outline,is very helpful. The second rule for preparation outlines is that there is only one sentence allowed per symbol.This rule has only one exception:when you directly quote a source that contains multiple sentences,you include the entire quotation and source citation next to the same symbol.In doing this,you can break down a speech to its component parts and ensure that your information appears where it should. This makes it easier to spot information that is out of place and to cut or move that information to another more appropriate location in the outline.If you find you cannot create a properly divided point,then this may indicate the statement should be moved or discarded. A third rule of preparation outlines pertains to in-text citations.Preparation outlines should contain proper citations for material drawn from sources.This enables you to cross-check the source and make sure you verbally attribute information when you share it with your audience.In your outline,you should cite your source the same way you plan to cite the source verbally.Generally speaking,you will briefly cite a source and then provide the corresponding information. Rule number four pertains to the difference between a preparation outline and an essay.Remember that a speech is not written like an essay even though it is typed into an outline.Instead,you should write the outline how you actually plan to say the speech when you deliver it.When we write a formal essay,we use different language,grammar,sentence structure,and even lengths of sentences. When you prepare and deliver a speech,you should use language that is not too complex and with which you feel comfortable.Essays and speeches have different flows and different expectations.Remember,a speech is closer to a conversation in terms of language use than it is to an essay,so prepare your outlines with this in mind.If you choose to write a draft,this same rule applies because the ultimate product is to be spoken,not written.The final principle of outlining we will discuss is the notion of division, and it is just as important as the ideas of subordination and coordination. If you are going to divide a point, such as a main point into subpoints, you need to have two or more subpoints in order to do so. The same is said for dividing subpoints as well—you must have two sub-subpoints if you plan to create a new level for the outline. More succinctly: if you have a main point I, you must have a main point II, and if you have a subpoint A, you must have a subpoint B, and, of course, if you have a sub-subpoint 1, you must have a sub-subpoint 2. The principle of division ensures you give adequate attention to each line and claim you make in a speech. If you have too many claims and not enough evidence then the speech needs more attention to the supporting materials. Division ensures balance, explanation, and organization within the hierarchy of ideas and should not be discarded as unimportant. Outlining helps you logically organize your ideas by adhering to the three principles of subordination, coordination, and division. Because of the structured nature of an outline and the use of these ideas, it is easy to see how an outline serves a speaker better than bullet points or random notes. It affords you the ability to lay the main points out and logically put the subpoints and sub-subpoints neatly into the hierarchy. Additionally, the earlier you start the outlining process, the better your speech will be, and the more you get into the practice of outlining, the more you will realize that it is a valuable tool, whether you are preparing a speech or writing a research paper. Preparation Outline We have repeatedly noted that developing a speech is a creative and fluid process, and the development of an outline is no different. We mentioned a few moments ago that organizing your speech begins when you start gathering information, but that it accelerates when you sit down to prepare an outline. The earlier you do this, the more time you have to make changes and work through different ways to deliver your material. The preparation outline is a tool that facilitates such changes in a smooth fashion by visually illustrating the information you collected and the arguments you wish to make. Preparation outlines follow several rules. The first is that each symbol of the outline is followed by a full sentence. For example, we show a main point and subpoint: I. Main point stated as a full sentence A. Subpoint stated as a full sentence B. Subpoint stated as a full sentence II. Main point stated as a full sentence A. Subpoint stated as a full sentence B. Subpoint stated as a full sentence Full sentences help demonstrate what you want to say and also allow you to make specific connections between points and evidence. Additionally, they allow you to practice your speech in its entirety, which as you will see when we discuss how to create a speaking outline, is very helpful. The second rule for preparation outlines is that there is only one sentence allowed per symbol. This rule has only one exception: when you directly quote a source that contains multiple sentences, you include the entire quotation and source citation next to the same symbol. In doing this, you can break down a speech to its component parts and ensure that your information appears where it should. This makes it easier to spot information that is out of place and to cut or move that information to another more appropriate location in the outline. If you find you cannot create a properly divided point, then this may indicate the statement should be moved or discarded. A third rule of preparation outlines pertains to in-text citations. Preparation outlines should contain proper citations for material drawn from sources. This enables you to cross-check the source and make sure you verbally attribute information when you share it with your audience. In your outline, you should cite your source the same way you plan to cite the source verbally. Generally speaking, you will briefly cite a source and then provide the corresponding information. Rule number four pertains to the difference between a preparation outline and an essay. Remember that a speech is not written like an essay even though it is typed into an outline. Instead, you should write the outline how you actually plan to say the speech when you deliver it. When we write a formal essay, we use different language, grammar, sentence structure, and even lengths of sentences. When you prepare and deliver a speech, you should use language that is not too complex and with which you feel comfortable. Essays and speeches have different flows and different expectations. Remember, a speech is closer to a conversation in terms of language use than it is to an essay, so prepare your outlines with this in mind. If you choose to write a draft, this same rule applies because the ultimate product is to be spoken, not written