334 HANSON,MCLANAHAN,AND THOMSON above 1 indicates that the household is not poor.Home ownership is a dichoto- mous variable indicating whether the respondent owns her/his home.3 We include four measures of parental resources:(1)mother activities with children,(2)supervision in the home,(3)control,and(4)educational expecta- tions.Mother activities is a summary measure based on mother reports of the frequency of time spent with children sharing the following activities:weekly dinners(0-7),leisure activities away from home,working on a project or playing together at home,and helping with reading or homework ("never or rarely"to "almost everyday,"1-6).Supervision is measured by two items asking whether the focal child is allowed to be at home alone (1)in the afternoon and (2)at night, or overnight (0,1).Control is measured by two items asking about television restrictions:(1)whether the parent restricts the amount of television the child watches and(2)whether the parent restricts the type of programs watched(0,1). We created factor scores for mother activities,supervision,and control based on a confirmatory factor analysis of the items used to measure these constructs.The confirmatory factor analysis models were fitted using Muthen's(1988)methodol- ogy for factor analysis with dichotomous and/or ordinal variables and were standardized to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.We measured educational expectations as a dichotomous variable,coded I if the mother reports that she expects the focal child to obtain more than a high school degree and 0 if otherwise. We use a variety of measures of community resources.First,we use two measures of residential mobility:a dichotomous variable indicating whether the parent moved during the 5 years prior to the survey and a continuous variable indicating the number of moves during that time period.We use these variables as proxies for ties to the community.Second,we include a variety of measures of relations between mothers and grandparents,including (1)frequency of contact (“not at all'"to“several times a week,."),(2)relationship quality(“very poor”to "excellent,"1-7,6(3)emotional support received,and (4)instrumental support received during the month prior to the survey(0,1).Instrumental support received includes help with childcare,transportation,and work around the house.Emo- tional support includes advice,encouragement,and moral or emotional support. Third,we examine relations between mothers and friends.We use a measure of the frequency of social time spent with friends(neighbors,coworkers,friends outside neighborhood,group recreation activities),and two dichotomous mea- sures indicating whether emotional support and instrumental support was re- ceived from friends.Finally,we include two very different measures of group participation:(1)religious social activities and (2)time spent in a bar or tavern. The measure of religious social activities is based on a question asking how often 5 Note that home ownership may also produce community resources,because home owners have a stake in maintaining community quality through community involvement,they also have longer tenure in a neighborhood or community and therefore should have stronger ties to their neighbors. 6 In the 1992-1994 round,this item contains 10 categories.We standardized the 1987-1988 item and the 1992-1994 items.above 1 indicates that the household is not poor. Home ownership is a dichoto￾mous variable indicating whether the respondent owns her/his home.5 We include four measures of parental resources: (1) mother activities with children, (2) supervision in the home, (3) control, and (4) educational expecta￾tions. Mother activities is a summary measure based on mother reports of the frequency of time spent with children sharing the following activities: weekly dinners (0–7), leisure activities away from home, working on a project or playing together at home, and helping with reading or homework (‘‘never or rarely’’ to ‘‘almost everyday,’’ 1–6). Supervision is measured by two items asking whether the focal child is allowed to be at home alone (1) in the afternoon and (2) at night, or overnight (0, 1). Control is measured by two items asking about television restrictions: (1) whether the parent restricts the amount of television the child watches and (2) whether the parent restricts the type of programs watched (0, 1). We created factor scores for mother activities, supervision, and control based on a confirmatory factor analysis of the items used to measure these constructs. The confirmatory factor analysis models were fitted using Muthe´n’s (1988) methodol￾ogy for factor analysis with dichotomous and/or ordinal variables and were standardized to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. We measured educational expectations as a dichotomous variable, coded 1 if the mother reports that she expects the focal child to obtain more than a high school degree and 0 if otherwise. We use a variety of measures of community resources. First, we use two measures of residential mobility: a dichotomous variable indicating whether the parent moved during the 5 years prior to the survey and a continuous variable indicating the number of moves during that time period. We use these variables as proxies for ties to the community. Second, we include a variety of measures of relations between mothers and grandparents, including (1) frequency of contact (‘‘not at all’’ to ‘‘several times a week,’’), (2) relationship quality (‘‘very poor’’ to ‘‘excellent,’’ 1–7,6 (3) emotional support received, and (4) instrumental support received during the month prior to the survey (0, 1). Instrumental support received includes help with childcare, transportation, and work around the house. Emo￾tional support includes advice, encouragement, and moral or emotional support. Third, we examine relations between mothers and friends. We use a measure of the frequency of social time spent with friends (neighbors, coworkers, friends outside neighborhood, group recreation activities), and two dichotomous mea￾sures indicating whether emotional support and instrumental support was re￾ceived from friends. Finally, we include two very different measures of group participation: (1) religious social activities and (2) time spent in a bar or tavern. The measure of religious social activities is based on a question asking how often 5 Note that home ownership may also produce community resources, because home owners have a stake in maintaining community quality through community involvement; they also have longer tenure in a neighborhood or community and therefore should have stronger ties to their neighbors. 6 In the 1992–1994 round, this item contains 10 categories. We standardized the 1987–1988 item and the 1992–1994 items. 334 HANSON, MCLANAHAN, AND THOMSON SSR625 @xyserv1/disk4/CLS_jrnlkz/GRP_ssrj/JOB_ssrj27-3/DIV_231a04 debb