DAIRY CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Figure 11.5 Schematic representation of a Hortvet cryoscope. 1, 4, Inlet and outlet for air or acuum supply; 2, thermometer calibrated at 0.001"C intervals; 3, agitator: 5, milk sample: 6, glass tube: 7, alcohol: 8, ether cooled by evaporation; 9, insulated jacket the observed freezing point when other factors(particularly the degree of supercooling) have been standardized. Therefore, the observed freezing point of milk is empirical and great care is necessary to standardize methodology The Hortvet technique (originally described in 1921)has been used widely to estimate the freezing point of milk. The original apparatus consisted of a tube, containing the milk sample and a thermometer cali brated at 0.001 C intervals, which was placed in ethanol in a Dewar flask which was cooled indirectly by evaporation of ether(caused by pulling or pumping air through the ether, Figure 11. 5). This apparatus has been modified to include mechanical refrigeration and various stirring or tapping devices to initiate crystallization. The early Hortvet cryoscopes used ther mometers calibrated in degrees Hortvet (H; values in H are about 3.7% lower than in C). The difference between H and c originates from differences in the freezing points of sucrose solutions measured using the Hortvet cryoscope and procedure and their true freezing points. IDF (1983) suggested the following formulae to interconvert H and C: °C=096418°H+000085 H=1.03711°C-0.00085446 DAIRY CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1 II Figure 11.5 Schematic representation of a Hortvet cryoscope. 1,4, Inlet and outlet for air or vacuum supply; 2, thermometer calibrated at 0.001"C intervals; 3, agitator; 5, milk sample; 6, glass tube; 7, alcohol; 8, ether cooled by evaporation; 9, insulated jacket. the observed freezing point when other factors (particularly the degree of supercooling) have been standardized. Therefore, the observed freezing point of milk is empirical and great care is necessary to standardize methodology. The Hortvet technique (originally described in 1921) has been used widely to estimate the freezing point of milk. The original apparatus consisted of a tube, containing the milk sample and a thermometer cali￾brated at 0.001"C intervals, which was placed in ethanol in a Dewar flask which was cooled indirectly by evaporation of ether (caused by pulling or pumping air through the ether, Figure 11.5). This apparatus has been modified to include mechanical refrigeration and various stirring or tapping devices to initiate crystallization. The early Hortvet cryoscopes used ther￾mometers calibrated in degrees Hortvet (OH; values in OH are about 3.7% lower than in "C). The difference between OH and "C originates from differences in the freezing points of sucrose solutions measured using the Hortvet cryoscope and procedure and their true freezing points. IDF (1983) suggested the following formulae to interconvert "H and "C: "C = 0.96418"H + 0.00085 OH = 1.03711"C - 0.00085