◆ Following pointers item _ptr denotes the object to which item_ptr points. The action of taking item ptr is called referencing the pointer *item_ptr. ◆ NULL pointers If a pointer variable item_ ptr has no dynamic object to which it currently refers then it should be given the special value item_ptr= NULL Following pointers: *item_ptr denotes the object to which item_ptr points. The action of taking “ *item_ptr is called *referencing the pointer *item_ptr.”  NULL pointers : If a pointer variable item_ptr has no dynamic object to which it currently refers, then it should be given the special value item_ptr = NULL;