Liability Convention Convention on International Liability for Damage caused by space Objects Entered into force on September 1, 1972. It has been ratified by 80 States and signed by 26 others This is a major space law agreement that fleshes out the liability provisions laid out in the OST. It applies to both military and civilian space activities, and provides for Absolute liability by launching states for damage caused by their space objects to objects on the earth or to aircraft in flight Liability based on fault where the damage is to space objects of another launching state elsewhere that on the surface of the earth(ie in space) There has been one significant real world application of the liability convention. In 1978 a Cosmos 954 satellite powered by nuclear reactor and belonging to the USSR crash landed in Canada. Radioactive debris was scattered over Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories. Both the US and russia offered to help Canada with the cleanup Canada accepted the us offer and denied the Soviet offer. But after the cleanup, the Canadian government sent the uSsr a bill for Canadian $6M, as they thought they were entitled under the liability convention. The Soviet government only paid C$3M, believin that they offered to help in kind with the cleanup and should therefore not be obligated to the full amount. The implementation of the liability convention, as we see in this case, involves politics as much as it involves international law. And likely it will continue to be this Rescue agreemen Agreement on the rescue of astronauts and return of astronauts and the Return of Objects launched into Outer Space. Entered into force on December 3, 1968. It has been ratified by 85 States and signed by 26 others This treaty suggests that astronauts are the envoys of mankind, and encourages nations to treat them as such. It provides for The return of astronauts if they crash land on foreign territory The rescue of an astronaut if he/she is in trouble The return of space objects to their rightful owners is they emergency- or crash land in foreign territory Registration Convention Convention on Registration of Objects launched into Outer Space. Entered into force or September 15, 1976. It has been ratified by 40 States and signed by 4 othersLiability Convention Convention on International Liability for Damage caused by Space Objects. Entered into force on September 1, 1972. It has been ratified by 80 States and signed by 26 others. This is a major space law agreement that fleshes out the liability provisions laid out in the OST. It applies to both military and civilian space activities, and provides for: • Absolute liability by launching states for damage caused by their space objects to objects on the earth or to aircraft in flight. • Liability based on fault where the damage is to space objects of another launching state elsewhere that on the surface of the earth (ie. in space). There has been one significant real world application of the liability convention. In 1978, a Cosmos 954 satellite powered by nuclear reactor and belonging to the USSR crash landed in Canada. Radioactive debris was scattered over Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories. Both the US and Russia offered to help Canada with the cleanup. Canada accepted the US offer and denied the Soviet offer. But after the cleanup, the Canadian government sent the USSR a bill for Canadian $6M, as they thought they were entitled under the liability convention. The Soviet government only paid C$3M, believing that they offered to help in kind with the cleanup and should therefore not be obligated to pay the full amount. The implementation of the liability convention, as we see in this case, involves politics as much as it involves international law. And likely it will continue to be this way. Rescue Agreement Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, and Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects launched into Outer Space. Entered into force on December 3, 1968. It has been ratified by 85 States and signed by 26 others. This treaty suggests that astronauts are the envoys of mankind, and encourages nations to treat them as such. It provides for: • The return of astronauts if they crash land on foreign territory • The rescue of an astronaut if he/she is in trouble • The return of space objects to their rightful owners is they emergency- or crash￾land in foreign territory. Registration Convention Convention on Registration of Objects launched into Outer Space. Entered into force on September 15, 1976. It has been ratified by 40 States and signed by 4 others