Contents 7.3 Encoding 311 7.4 Waveform Coding 312 7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation,313 7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation,316 7.4.3 Delta Modulation,318 7.5 Analysis-Synthesis Techniques 321 7.6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording 325 7.6.1 Digital Audio in Telephone Transiission Systems,325 7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording,327 7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard 332 7.8 Summary and Further Reading 335 Problems 336 8 DIGITAL MODULATION METHODS IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL 347 8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms 348 8.2 Binary Modulation Schemes 352 8.2.1 Binary Antipodal Signaling.352 8.2.2 Binary Orthogonal Signaling,356 8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise 361 8.3.1 Correlation-Type Demodulator,362 8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator;371 8.3.3 The Performance of the Optimiun Detector for Binary Signals,379 8.4 M-ary Digital Modulation 384 8.4.1 The Optinuun Receiver for M-ary Signals in AWGN,384 8.4.2 A Union Bound on the Probabiliry of Error;396 8.5 M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation 398 8.5.1 Carrier-Modulated PAM for Bandpass Channels (M-ary ASK),400 8.5.2 Demodulation and Detection of Amplitude-Modulated PAM Signals,403 8.5.3 Probability of Error for M-ary PAM,403 8.6 Phase-Shift Keying 406 8.6.1 Geometric Representation of PSK Signals,408 8.6.2 Demodulation and Detection of PSK Signals,410 8.6.3 Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation,411 8.6.4 Differential Phase Encoding and Differential Phase Modulation and Demodulation.416 8.6.5 Probability of Error for DPSK,418x Contents 7.3 Encoding 31 l 7.4 Waveform Coding 312 7.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation, 313 7.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Mod11/atio11, 316 7.4.3 Delta Mod11!ation, 318 7 .5 Analysis-Synthesis Techniques 32 l 7 .6 Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording 325 7.6. J Digital Audio in Telephone Tra11s111issio11 S.vste111s, 325 7.6.2 Digital Audio Recording, 327 7.7 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard 332 7 .8 Summary and Further Reading 335 Problems 336 8 DIGITAL MODULATION METHODS IN AN ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL 8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms 348 8.2 Binary Modulation Schemes 352 8.2. 1 Billa I)' Antipodal Signaling, 352 8.2.2 Binary Orthogonal Signaling, 356 8.3 Optimum Receiver for Binary Modulated Signals in Additive White Gaussian Noise 361 8.3.1 Correlation-Type Den1odt1lato1; 362 8.3.2 Matched-Filter-Type De111odulato1; 371 8.3.3 The Pe1fonna11ce of the Optb1111111 Detector for Bina/)' Signals, 379 8.4 M-ary Digital Modulation 384 8.4.1 The Optinu11n Receiver for M-aJ)' Signals in A W GN, 384 8.4.2 A Union BoHnd 011 the P1vbability of Env1; 396 8.5 M -ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation 398 8.5. 1 Carrier-Modulated PAM for Bandpass Channels ( M-al)' ASK), 400 8.5.2 De1nodulation and Detection of A111plitude-Modulated PAM Signals, 403 8.5.3 Probability of Error/or M-my PAM, 403 8.6 Phase-Shift Keying 406 8.6.1 Geo111etric Representation of PSK Signals, 408 8.6.2 Den1odHlation and DetecNon of PSK Signals, 410 8.6.3 Probability of Error/or Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation, 411 8.6.4 Differential Phase Encoding and Differential Phase Modulation and De111odI1!ation, 416 8.6.5 Probability of Error/or D PSK, 418 347