166(202)108139 261323-133.hp//n0.1070429 27 Me dM. M.W.C al Netw 179 tion in C n88 667- efault-n 201 of sigr chol.11 hi white .KE.200 2018.1 a 10. Strie M.R,Lash w..zi e Fisch.B. in,P.C.,P 3.1988-199 lin,V.2 is the f ory cortex witho e,P..D vid.A.,Williams. Neuropsychologia 166 (2022) 108139 9 deafness. Brain Struct. Funct. 226, 1323–1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429- 021-02243-6. Ding, H., Ming, D., Wan, B., Li, Q., Qin, W., Yu, C., 2016. Enhanced spontaneous functional connectivity of the superior temporal gyrus in early deafness. Sci. Rep. 6, 23239. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23239. Ding, H., Qin, W., Liang, M., Ming, D., Wan, B., Li, Q., Yu, C., 2015. Cross-modal activation of auditory regions during visuo-spatial working memory in early deafness. Brain 138, 2750–2765. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv165. Dye, M.W.G., Baril, D.E., Bavelier, D., 2007. Which aspects of visual attention are changed by deafness? The case of the Attentional Network Test. Neuropsychologia 45, 1801–1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.019. Emmorey, K., Damasio, H., McCullough, S., Grabowski, T., Ponto, L.L., Hichwa, R.D., Bellugi, U., 2002. Neural systems underlying spatial language in American Sign Language. Neuroimage 17, 812–824 https://doi.org/S1053811902911870 [pii]. Emmorey, K., Xu, J., Braun, A., 2011. Neural responses to meaningless pseudosigns: evidence for sign-based phonetic processing in superior temporal cortex. Brain Lang. 117, 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2010.10.003. Fine, I., Finney, E.M., Boynton, G.M., Dobkins, K.R., 2005. Comparing the effects of auditory deprivation and sign language within the auditory and visual cortex. J. Cognit. Neurosci. 17, 1621–1637. https://doi.org/10.1162/ 089892905774597173. Finkl, T., Hahne, A., Friederici, A.D., Gerber, J., Mürbe, D., Anwander, A., 2020. Language without speech: segregating distinct circuits in the human brain. Cerebr. Cortex 30, 812–823. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz128. Gaab, N., Gabrieli, J., Glover, G., 2008. Resting in peace or noise: scanner background noise suppresses default-mode network. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 858–867. https://doi. org/10.1002/HBM.20578. Gougoux, F., Zatorre, R.J., Lassonde, M., Voss, P., Lepore, F., 2005. A functional neuroimaging study of sound localization: visual cortex activity predicts performance in early-blind individuals. PLoS Biol. 3, 324–333. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030027. Holmer, E., Rudner, M., Schonstr ¨ om, ¨ K., Andin, J., 2020. Evidence of an effect of gaming experience on visuospatial attention in deaf but not in hearing individuals. Front. Psychol. 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.534741. Hribar, M., Suput, D., Carvalho, A.A., Battelino, S., Vovk, A., 2014. Structural alterations of brain grey and white matter in early deaf adults. Hear. Res. 318, 1–10. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2014.09.008. Hwang, K., Hallquist, M.N., Luna, B., 2013. The development of hub architecture in the human functional brain network. Cerebr. Cortex 23, 2380–2393. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/cercor/bhs227. Karns, C.M., Dow, M.W., Neville, H.J., 2012. Altered cross-modal processing in the primary auditory cortex of congenitally deaf adults: a visual-somatosensory fMRI study with a double-flash illusion. J. Neurosci. 32, 9626–9638. https://doi.org/ 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6488-11.2012. Kumar, U., Mishra, M., 2018. Pattern of neural divergence in adults with prelingual deafness: based on structural brain analysis. Brain Res. 1701, 58–63. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.021. Li, W., Li, J., Wang, J., Zhou, P., Wang, Z., Xian, J., He, H., 2016. Functional reorganizations of brain network in prelingually deaf adolescents. Neural Plast. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9849087, 2016. Li, W., Li, J., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Liu, Z., Yan, F., Xian, J., He, H., 2015. Grey matter connectivity within and between auditory, language and visual systems in prelingually deaf adolescents. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 33, 279–290. https://doi. org/10.3233/RNN-140437. Li, Y., Booth, J., Peng, D., Zang, Y., Li, J., Yan, C., Ding, G., 2013. Altered intra- and inter￾regional synchronization of superior temporal cortex in deaf people. Cerebr. Cortex 23, 1988–1996. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs185. MacSweeney, M., Campbell, R., Woll, B., Brammer, M., Giampietro, V., David, A., Calvert, G., McGuire, P., 2006. Lexical and sentential processing in British sign language. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20167. MacSweeney, M., Cardin, V., 2015. What is the function of auditory cortex without auditory input? Brain 138, 2468–2470. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv197. MacSweeney, M., Waters, D., Brammer, M.J., Woll, B., Goswami, U., 2008. Phonological processing in deaf signers and the impact of age of first language acquisition. Neuroimage 40, 1369–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.047. MacSweeney, M., Woll, B., Campbell, R., McGuire, P., David, A., Williams, S., Suckling, J., Calvert, G., Brammer, M., 2002. Neural systems underlying British sign language and audio-visual English processing in native users. Brain 125, 1583–1593. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf153. Malaia, E., Talavage, T.M., Wilbur, R.B., 2014. Functional connectivity in task-negative network of the Deaf: effects of sign language experience. PeerJ 2, e446. https://doi. org/10.7717/peerj.446. Malaia, E., Wilbur, R., 2010. Early acquisition of sign language: what neuroimaging data tell us. Sign Lang. Linguist 13, 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1075/sll.13.2.03mal. Merabet, L.B., Pascual-Leone, A., 2010. Neural reorganization following sensory loss: the opportunity of change. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrn2758. Meristo, M., Falkman, K.W., Hjelmquist, E., Tedoldi, M., Surian, L., Siegal, M., 2007. Language access and theory of mind reasoning: evidence from deaf children in bilingual and oralist environments. Dev. Psychol. 43, 1156–1169. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1156. Okada, K., Rogalsky, C., O’Grady, L., Hanaumi, L., Bellugi, U., Corina, D., Hickok, G., 2016. An fMRI study of perception and action in deaf signers. Neuropsychologia 82, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2016.01.015. Pelland, M., Orban, P., Dansereau, C., Lepore, F., Bellec, P., Collignon, O., 2017. State￾dependent modulation of functional connectivity in early blind individuals. Neuroimage 147, 532–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.053. P´enicaud, S., Klein, D., Zatorre, R.J., Chen, J.-K., Witcher, P., Hyde, K., Mayberry, R.I., 2012. Author’s Personal Copy Structural Brain Changes Linked to Delayed First Language Acquisition in Congenitally Deaf Individuals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. neuroimage.2012.09.076. Petersen, S.E., Sporns, O., 2015. Brain networks and cognitive architectures. Neuron 88, 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.027. Proksch, J., Bavelier, D., 2002. Changes in the spatial distribution of visual attention after early deafness. J. Cognit. Neurosci. 14, 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1162/ 08989290260138591. Ray, K., McKay, D., Fox, P., Riedel, M., Uecker, A., Beckmann, C., Smith, S., Fox, P., Laird, A., 2013. ICA model order selection of task co-activation networks. Front. Neurosci. Reich, L., Szwed, M., Cohen, L., Amedi, A., 2011. A ventral visual stream reading center independent of visual experience. Curr. Biol. 21, 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cub.2011.01.040. Schonstr ¨ om, ¨ K., Hauser, P.C., 2021. The sentence repetition task as a measure of sign language proficiency. Appl. Psycholinguist. 1–19 https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0142716421000436. Shibata, D.K., 2007. Differences in brain structure in deaf persons on MR imaging studied with voxel-based morphometry. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28, 243–249. Shiell, M.M., Champoux, F., Zatorre, R.J., 2014. Reorganization of Auditory Cortex in Early-Deaf People: Functional Connectivity and Relationship to Hearing Aid Use. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00683. Singh, A.K., Phillips, F., Merabet, L.B., Sinha, P., 2018. Why does the cortex reorganize after sensory loss? HHS Public Access. Trends Cognit. Sci. 22, 569–582. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.004. Stevens, A.A., Weaver, K.E., 2009. Functional characteristics of auditory cortex in the blind. Behav. Brain Res. 196, 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.041. Stolzberg, D., Butler, B.E., Lomber, S.G., 2018. Effects of neonatal deafness on resting￾state functional network connectivity. Neuroimage 165, 69–82. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.002. Striem-Amit, E., Almeida, J., Belledonne, M., Chen, Q., Fang, Y., Han, Z., Caramazza, A., Bi, Y., 2016. Topographical functional connectivity patterns exist in the congenitally, prelingually deaf. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29375. Thomas Yeo, B.T., Krienen, F.M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M.R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., Roffman, J.L., Smoller, J.W., Zollei, ¨ L., Polimeni, J.R., Fisch, B., Liu, H., Buckner, R.L., 2011. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 1125–1165. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00338.2011. Trettenbrein, P.C., Papitto, G., Friederici, A.D., Zaccarella, E., 2021. Functional neuroanatomy of language without speech: an ALE meta-analysis of sign language. Hum. Brain Mapp. 42, 699–712. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25254. Twomey, T., Waters, D., Price, C.J., Evans, S., MacSweeney, M., 2017. How auditory experience differentially influences the function of left and right superior temporal cortices. J. Neurosci. 37, 9564–9573. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0846- 17.2017. Uddin, L., Yeo, B., Spreng, R., 2019. Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks. Brain Topogr. 32, 926–942. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/S10548-019-00744-6. Wang, D., Qin, W., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Jiang, T., Yu, C., 2014. Altered resting-state network connectivity in congenital blind. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 2573–2581. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22350. Wang, X., Caramazza, A., Peelen, M., Han, Z., Bi, Y., 2015. Reading without speech sounds: VWFA and its connectivity in the congenitally deaf. Cerebr. Cortex 25, 2416–2426. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu044. J. Andin and E. Holmer