664 PART SEVEN PUBLIC POLICY ANALYZ正正1SSUE Containment policy also dictated that the United States maintain a military Short-Term Analysis of presence on the Soviet Union's flanks.After World War II,instead of demobiliz- Policy Costs ing its military forces as it had done at the end of World War I,the United States When the Marshall Plan was ordered its troops to occupy Japan and a section of West Germany. proposed,opponents labeled Today the United States has more than 2 million military personnel,about it a giveaway.Why,they asked,should America give 500,000 of whom are stationed overseas(see Table 28-1).There are 65,000 U.S billions to help devastated troops in Japan and 40,000 in South Korea.Since World War II,Asia has twice European nations get back on been a battleground for U.S.forces,in the Korean and Vietnam wars. their feet?Why was this view Europe has the largest contingent of U.S.military personnel,with approxi- shortsighted?Can you think mately 250,000 in West Germany alone.These troops are linked with the of problems today,foreign or military forces of America's allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization domestic,in which an obsessive concern for (NATO).NATO countries conduct joint military exercises and engage in joint short-term costs has led strategic and tactical military planning that centers on the defense of Western policymakers to oppose Europe.The NATO forces are under an integrated command except for France, programs that would provide which since the mid-1960s has maintained full command of its own forces significant long-term benefits? NATO is countered by the Warsaw Pact,which consists of the Soviet Union and What are some plausible reasons for officials to fail to its Eastern European allies.The Warsaw Pact has a numerical edge in equipment take the long view? (see Table 28-2),while NATO has more technically advanced weaponry. THE COLD WAR ANAY7Z正正1s5UE霸 Developments in the late 1940s embroiled the United States in a cold war with The Effectiveness of the the Soviet Union.The term refers to the fact that the two countries were not Containment Doctrine The dominant view among directly engaged in actual combat(a"hot war"),but were locked in deep-seated Western leaders after World hostility.From the United States'perspective,the cold war was an extension of War II was that aggression containment policy and included support for governments threatened by should never be rewarded communist takeovers.In China the Nationalist government had the support of because it only encourages the aggressor nation to seek TABLE 28-1 Number of U.S.Military further gains.As a result of Personnel around the World,1988 this view,Western nations concluded that containment Military was the best strategy to adopt Area Personnel toward the Soviet Union.Do you think this view was the U.S.territory 1,677,040 correct one?Can you think of Western Europe postwar developments that West Germany 245,700 support your position?Do United Kingdom 29,800 you think this view is still Italy 9,750 applicable today?Are there Other 42,960 recent examples to support All Western Europe 328,210 your position? East Asia and Pacific Japan 64,700 South Korea 40,200 Philippines 16,400 Other 11,650 All East Asia and Pacific 132,950 Other overseas (estimated) 25,000 All areas 2,163,200 SoURCE:Calculated from The Military Balance 1988 1989 (London:International Institute for Strategic Studies,1988),18,25-28