数学中国 Ww. madio. net Better Living through Math 139 Smoking. Reducing smoking has traditionally been the responsibility of healthcare systems. This metric is a measure of how susceptible the pub lic is to beneficial influence from the healthcare system [OECD 2004 Data are available from WHO as"prevalence of current tobacco use among adults aged >15 years. Immunizations. These metrics quantify how proficient healthcare system s at preventing and controlling communicable diseases JOECD 200 WHO offers data for diphtheria, measles, tetanus, hepatitis B, toxoid and pertussis immunizations in one-year-olds WHO 2008]. We take an additional data set for polio immunizations from Earth Trends [n.d. ] Low birth weight. This metric is an indicator of the prenatal care that at- risk mothers receive. It reflects a healthcare systems ability to identify risk factors in patients as well as its capacity for preventing those factors from causing serious harm [OECD 2004]. Data are available from WHO as"low birth weight, newboms." Accessibility Abundance of medical personnel. This indicates the availability of pro- fessionals capable of administering care to the population. The WHo provides several data sets for this metric, induding the proportions of physicians, nurses, midwives, dentists, and pharmacists in the popula tion Abundance of medical facilities. This metric measures the proximity to healthcare systems. Data for this metric is limited; the WHO provides data only for"medical beds per 100,000 population. Affordability forindividuals. This metric measures how much money in- dividuals pay for care. Data for this metric are not directly available from WHO but instead we derive them from its"private spending"and"out of pocket spending Treatment Success of treatments. This metricshould reflect a healthcare systemslevel of care. The OECD suggests using the readmission rates for patient who have suffered congestive heart failure[2004 but these data are not widely available. Hence, we resort to using the"tuberculosis detection rate"and" tuberculosis treatment success"data provided by the WHO as an alternative Meta-Metrics It would be convenient tu tuinbine all the metrius in a meaningful way; we propose an algorithm for computing what we call meta-metrics. Begin数学中国ww.madio.net