pring 2003 16.61AC3-8 Rudder Impulse Beta △R oooooooo 12 14 16 time se Figure 1: RUDDER IMPULSE TO FLIGHT VARIABLES. THE RUDDER EXCITES ALL MODES. DUTCH ROLL OSCILLATIONS DOMINATE INITIALLY, THE SPIRAL MODE DOMINATES LONGER TERMSpring 2003 16.61 AC 3–8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 time sec Rudder Impulse Beta P R Phi Figure 1: Rudder impulse to flight variables. The rudder excites all modes. Dutch roll oscillations dominate initially. The spiral mode dominates longer term. 8