3. religio d. Rules inspiring loyalty e. Ways of making groups run effectively 4. Many ways to fulfill these requirements a. Bureaucracy 1. a fairly new way of organizing in history l1. Requires writing, sometimes computers Difficult in pre-modern settings b. Formalization of age groups 1. born into an age set ii. You go through life with those people and they perform certain fxn within the society at each stage of life 1. i.e. the Zulu had age-based armies c. Kinship- we are all blood i. See it in all sorts of pre-modern societies ii. We do it to some extent iii. This is a model, NOT real biology iv. Arbitrary in many ways 1. 19 century a big anthropological discovery was that means of establishing kinship differ from one culture to the next 5. Forms of Kinship Organization3. religion d. Rules inspiring loyalty e. Ways of making groups run effectively 4. Many ways to fulfill these requirements a. Bureaucracy i. a fairly new way of organizing in history ii. Requires writing, sometimes computers iii. Difficult in pre-modern settings b. Formalization of age groups i. Born into an age set ii. You go through life with those people and they perform certain fxn within the society at each stage of life 1. i.e. the Zulu had age-based armies c. Kinship – we are all blood i. See it in all sorts of pre-modern societies ii. We do it to some extent iii. This is a model, NOT real biology iv. Arbitrary in many ways 1. 19th century a big anthropological discovery was that means of establishing kinship differ from one culture to the next 5. Forms of Kinship Organization