WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The World health report: 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life Risk assessment 3. Epidemiologic methods 5. Risk management-methods 6 Public policy 7. Quality of life rends ITitle II.Title: Reducing risks, promoting life SBN 92 4 156207 2(NLM Classification: WA 540.1) ISSN1020-3311 o World Health Organization 2002 All rights reserved Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, Wor Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders(@who. int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications hether for sale or for noncommercial distribution - should be addressed to Publications, at the above address(fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who. int) The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of it frontiers or boundaries Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there t be full agreement r of certain manufacturers products does not imply that endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar that are not mentioned Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Information ming this publication can be obtained from World Health Report World Health Organization 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Email: whr(@who int Fax:(41-22)7914870 Copies of this publication can be ordered from: bookorders(@who int This report was produced under the overall direction of Christopher Murray ters, and senior policy advisers to the Director-General. and Alan Lopez. The two principal authors were Anthony Rodgers(Chap- The risk assessments in this report were coordinated by Majid Ezzati, ters 2&4)and Patrick Vaughan(Chapters 3&6). The Overview and Chapter Alan Lopez and Anthony Rodgers, with statistical analyses by Stephen 1 were written by Thomson Prentice. All of the above contributed to Chap- Vander Hoom. The assessments are the result of several years'work by many ter 7. Chapter 5 was written by Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, David Evans and scientists worldwide. These scientists are listed in the Acknowledgements, Julia Lowe as are the many WHO specialists who worked on the cost-effectiveness as The report was edited by Barbara Campanini, with assistance from Hoorn Angela Haden. The figures, maps and tables were coordinated by Michel Valuable input was received from an internal advisory group and a re- Beusenberg. Translation coordination and other administrative and pr gional reference group, the members of which are listed in the Acknowl- duction support for the World Health Report team was provided by shelagh edgements. Additional help and advice were appreciated from regional Probst. Further assistance was given by Patrick Unterlerchner The indexw directors, executive directors and members of their staff at WHO headquar- prepared by Liza Furnival. Cover illustration by Laura de Santis Design by Marilyn Langfeld Layout by WHO Graphics Printed in france 2002/14661- Sadao-2500ii The World Health Report 2002 Cover illustration by Laura de Santis Design by Marilyn Langfeld. Layout by WHO Graphics Printed in France 2002/14661 – Sadag – 25000 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. The World health report : 2002 : Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. 1.Risk factors 2.Risk assessment 3.Epidemiologic methods 4.Cost of illness 5.Risk management - methods 6.Public policy 7.Quality of life 8.World health - trends I.Title II.Title: Reducing risks, promoting life. ISBN 92 4 156207 2 (NLM Classification: WA 540.1) ISSN 1020-3311 © World Health Organization 2002 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Information concerning this publication can be obtained from: World Health Report World Health Organization 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Email: whr@who.int Fax: (41-22) 791 4870 Copies of this publication can be ordered from: bookorders@who.int This report was produced under the overall direction of Christopher Murray and Alan Lopez. The two principal authors were Anthony Rodgers (Chap￾ters 2 & 4) and Patrick Vaughan (Chapters 3 & 6). The Overview and Chapter 1 were written by Thomson Prentice. All of the above contributed to Chap￾ter 7. Chapter 5 was written by Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, David Evans and Julia Lowe. The writing team was greatly assisted by Michael Eriksen, Majid Ezzati, Susan Holck, Carlene Lawes, Varsha Parag, Patricia Priest and Stephen Vander Hoorn. Valuable input was received from an internal advisory group and a re￾gional reference group, the members of which are listed in the Acknowl￾edgements. Additional help and advice were appreciated from regional directors, executive directors and members of their staff at WHO headquar￾ters, and senior policy advisers to the Director-General. The risk assessments in this report were coordinated by Majid Ezzati, Alan Lopez and Anthony Rodgers, with statistical analyses by Stephen Vander Hoorn. The assessments are the result of several years’ work by many scientists worldwide. These scientists are listed in the Acknowledgements, as are the many WHO specialists who worked on the cost-effectiveness as￾sessment section. The report was edited by Barbara Campanini, with assistance from Angela Haden. The figures, maps and tables were coordinated by Michel Beusenberg. Translation coordination and other administrative and pro￾duction support for the World Health Report team was provided by Shelagh Probst. Further assistance was given by Patrick Unterlerchner. The index was prepared by Liza Furnival