We usually recognize contrasts on the basis of meaning. If the meaning of two things( such as the parts of a sentence, two objects or two thoughts) can be identified as being greatly different from each other in some way, we can say they are in a relationship of contrasts. Different words of groups of words are used to signal contrasts, depending on the subject. These signals often include: but, however, while, meanwhile, whereas, instead of. instead on the one hand on the other hand etc 2. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrasts to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Para. 7 and Para. 8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Para l7 the sharp contrast between Indias remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of Indias interior framework draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference 3. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence a writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paras 7&8 It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Para. 17 Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. For example:"This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economics"( Para. 16, passage A, unit 9)In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism III. Language point New words phrase 1. drain D)n. sth. that uses up strengths, energy, or resources e.g. I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy.我想照顾她年迈的母亲把她 的精力都耗尽了。 2)v( cause to flow off gradually or completely eg. The water drained slowly out of the sink.水慢慢从洗涤槽流出去 With illness, her strength drained away.她生病了,身体很虚弱。 ( cause to )become gradually dry, as water or liquid is removed eg. They drained water from land他们把地面上的水排掉 The war drained the country of its resources.战争使该国的资源枯竭了 2.“post-” is a prefix which means "later than?”of“ after e. g. post-war years战后岁月 pre-war years战前岁月 3. thumb 1)n.(手的)拇指 2)v. get a free ride by raising the thumb as a signal e.g. We thumbed a lift to London for the weekend.我们免费搭车去伦敦度周末 thumb through: look or search through quickly Y e.g. A clerk thumbed through the files looking for a letter.办事员翻遍了案卷,寻找一封信件。 foot the bill: (infml )payWe usually recognize contrasts on the basis of meaning. If the meaning of two things ( such as the parts of a sentence, two objects or two thoughts) can be identified as being greatly different from each other in some way, we can say they are in a relationship of contrasts. Different words of groups of words are used to signal contrasts, depending on the subject. These signals often include: but, however, while, meanwhile, whereas, instead of, instead, on the one hand ,on the other hand, etc. 2. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrasts to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Para.7 and Para.8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Para.17 the sharp contrast between India’s remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of India’s interior framework draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference. 3. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence A writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paras.7&8. It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Para.17. Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. For example: “This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economics” ( Para.16, passage A, unit 9) In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism. III. Language Points New Words & Phrases 1. drain: 1) n. sth. that uses up strengths, energy, or resources e.g. I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy. 我想照顾她年迈的母亲把她 的精力都耗尽了。 2) v. ( cause to ) flow off gradually or completely e.g. The water drained slowly out of the sink. 水慢慢从洗涤槽流出去。 With illness, her strength drained away. 她生病了，身体很虚弱。 (cause to ) become gradually dry, as water or liquid is removed e.g. They drained water from land.他们把地面上的水排掉。 The war drained the country of its resources. 战争使该国的资源枯竭了。 2. “post-” is a prefix which means “later than” of “after”. e.g. post-war years 战后岁月 pre-war years 战前岁月 3. thumb: 1) n. (手的)拇指 2) v. get a free ride by raising the thumb as a signal e.g. We thumbed a lift to London for the weekend. 我们免费搭车去伦敦度周末。 thumb through: look or search through quickly e.g. A clerk thumbed through the files looking for a letter. 办事员翻遍了案卷，寻找一封信件。 4. foot the bill: (infml.) pay the bill