viii Contents 2.8 Summary and Further Reading 100 Problems 101 3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 117 3.1 Introduction to Modulation 118 3.2 Amplitude Modulation 119 3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM,119 3.2.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation,126 3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM,132 3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM,134 3.3 Implementation of Amplitude Modulators and Demodulators 137 3.4 Signal Multiplexing 144 3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing,144 3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing,145 3.5 AM Radio Broadcasting 146 3.6 Summary and Further Reading 149 Appendix 3A:Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals 149 Problems 151 ANGLE MODULATION 161 4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals 161 4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals 166 4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal,166 4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitrary Message Signal,170 4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators 171 4.4 FM Radio Broadcasting 179 4.5 Summary and Further Reading 181 Problems 182 5 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 190 5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables 190 5.1.1 Sample Space,Events,and Probability,190 5.1.2 Conditional Probability,191 5.1.3 Random Variables,194 5.1.4 Functions of a Randomn Variable,201 5.1.5 Multiple Random Variables,203 5.1.6 Sums of Random Variables,208viii 3 4 5 Contents 2.8 Summary and Further Reading 100 Problems 10 1 AMPLITUDE MODULA T/ON 3.1 Introduction to Modulation 118 3.2 Amplitude Modulation 119 3.2.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM, 119 3.2.2 Conventional A111plitude Modulation, 126 3.2.3 Single-Sideband AM, 132 3.2.4 Vestigial-Sideband AM, 134 3.3 Implementation of Amplitude Modulators and Demodulators 137 3.4 Signal Multiplexing 144 3.4.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing, 144 3.4.2 Quadrature-Carrier M11/tiplexi11g, 145 3.5 AM Radio Broadcasting 146 3.6 Summary and Further Reading 149 Appendix 3A: Derivation of the Expression for SSB-AM Signals 149 Problems 151 ANGLE MODULATION 4.1 Representation of FM and PM Signals 161 4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals 166 4.2.1 Angle Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal, 166 4.2.2 Angle Modulation by an Arbitra1y Message Signal, 170 4.3 Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators 171 4.4 FM Radio Broadcasting 179 4.5 Summary and Further Reading 181 Problems 182 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 5.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables 190 5.1.1 Sa111ple Space, Events, and P1vbability, 190 5.1.2 Conditional Probability, 191 5.1.3 Rando111 Variables, 194 5.1.4 Functions of a Ra11do111 Variable, 201 5.1.5 Multiple Rando111 Variables, 203 5.1.6 Sun1s of Ra11do111 Variables, 208 117 161 190