9 2.PEOPLE 3.ENVIRONMENT Introduction 35 Introduction 121 Tables Tables Population dynamics 40 31 Rural population and land use 126 Labor force structure 44 Agricultural inputs 130 23 Employment by economic activity 8 33 Agricultural output and productivity 134 9 Children at work 52 34 Deforestation and biodiversity 138 25 Unemployment 56 35 Freshwater 142 28 Poverty 60 3 Water pollution 146 27 Distribution of income or consumption 66 Energy production and use 150 2.8 Assessing vulnerability and security 70 38 Energy efficiency and emissions 154 Education inputs 3 Sources of electricity 158 2.10 Participation in education 78 30 Urbanization 162 2.1 Education efficiency 82 31 Urban housing conditions 166 Education completion and outcomes 86 312 Traffic and congestion 170 21的 Education gaps by income and gender 90 313 Air pollution 174 214 Health expenditure,services,and use 92 34 Government commitment 176 2.15 Disease prevention coverage and quality 96 35 Toward a broader measure of savings 180 2.1相 Reproductive health 100 2. Text figures,tables,and boxes Nutrition 104 2.18 3a Health risk factors and public health challenges 108 Agriculture's share in GDP-declining.but still more than a Health gaps by income and gender 112 fifth in low-income economies 122 2.20 Mortality 116 Agricultural productivity has increased,yielding more output for all 122 Text figures,tables,and boxes 3 More people will experience water scarcity and water stress 123 2a Child mortality has fallen in the past 25 years for countries at Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water... 123 all incomes 35 ..and the least productive user 123 2力 Under-five mortality is 15 times higher in low-income countries Irrigation has increased,demanding more water 123 than in high-income countries 36 3每 Cereal yields have increased in most regions-East Asia has Little reduction in risks for poor children 36 almost reached the high-income economies 124 21 In Sierra Leone most deaths occur before age 5 36 3 Forested areas are shrinking in Latin America and A child born in Denmark can expect to live to be 78 36 Sub-Saharan Africa-recovering in East Asia 124 21 A health gap becomes a life gap 37 3 Agriculture accounts for a seventh of all greenhouse Health inequalities by social,cultural,and geographic factors 1 gas emissions 125 Under-five mortality falls with rising income Less rain is falling in the Sahel,with dire consequences 125 Health inequalities in developing countries 37 Horn of Africa suffers floods after parching drought 125 Why do the poor receive and seek less healthcare than the rich?38 31 What is rural?Urban? 129 Rich people use health services more than poor people 38 3.2a Nearly 40 percent of land globally is used for agriculture 133 2 Some countries have reduced inequalities in use of 333 The five countries with the highest agricultural productivity 137 professional healthcare in childbirth 38 33h The 10 countries with the highest cereal yield in 2003-05- 2m Differences in healthcare spending contribute to global and the 10 with the lowest 137 disparities 39 35i The rural-urban divide in access to an improved water source 145 Where are healthcare workers hiding? 39 3B3 Emissions of organic water pollutants declined in most countries Public health spending benefits the rich most 39 from 1990 to 2003,even among the top emitters 149 Health shocks can push households into poverty 39 37a Energy use per capita varies widely among the top energy users 153 23 Lower wages and less rewarding employment opportunities 3.8a High-income countries contribute more than half of global mean higher risk of poverty for women 51 carbon dioxide emissions 157 2.43 Child labor is an obstacle to education for all 55 31 The five largest contributors to carbon dioxide emissions 2.6a Regional poverty estimates 63 differ considerably in per capita emissions 157 2.12a Children from poorer families are less likely to complete 39n Coal is still the major source of electricity in all income groups, their schooling 89 with low-income countries increasingly relying on this source 161 2i45 Differences in healthcare expenditures contribute to global 3.10a Population of the world's largest metropolitan areas in 1000. disparities in health outcomes 95 1900.2000,and2015 165 2201 Under-five mortality rates improve as mothers'education 311 Selected housing indicators for smaller economies 169 levels rise 119 312万 The 15 economies with the most expensive gasoline- and the 15 with the cheapest,2006 173 2007 World Development Indicators ix2. people 3. environment 2007 World Development Indicators ix Introduction 35 Tables 2.1 Population dynamics 40 2.2 Labor force structure 44 2.3 Employment by economic activity 48 2.4 Children at work 52 2.5 Unemployment 56 2.6 Poverty 60 2.7 Distribution of income or consumption 66 2.8 Assessing vulnerability and security 70 2.9 Education inputs 74 2.10 Participation in education 78 2.11 Education efficiency 82 2.12 Education completion and outcomes 86 2.13 Education gaps by income and gender 90 2.14 Health expenditure, services, and use 92 2.15 Disease prevention coverage and quality 96 2.16 Reproductive health 100 2.17 Nutrition 104 2.18 Health risk factors and public health challenges 108 2.19 Health gaps by income and gender 112 2.20 Mortality 116 Text figures, tables, and boxes 2a Child mortality has fallen in the past 25 years for countries at all incomes 35 2b Under-five mortality is 15 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries 36 2c Little reduction in risks for poor children 36 2d In Sierra Leone most deaths occur before age 5 36 2e A child born in Denmark can expect to live to be 78 36 2f A health gap becomes a life gap 37 2g Health inequalities by social, cultural, and geographic factors 37 2h Under-five mortality falls with rising income 37 2i Health inequalities in developing countries 37 2j Why do the poor receive and seek less healthcare than the rich? 38 2k Rich people use health services more than poor people 38 2l Some countries have reduced inequalities in use of professional healthcare in childbirth 38 2m Differences in healthcare spending contribute to global disparities 39 2n Where are healthcare workers hiding? 39 2o Public health spending benefits the rich most 39 2p Health shocks can push households into poverty 39 2.3a Lower wages and less rewarding employment opportunities mean higher risk of poverty for women 51 2.4a Child labor is an obstacle to education for all 55 2.6a Regional poverty estimates 63 2.12a Children from poorer families are less likely to complete their schooling 89 2.14a Differences in healthcare expenditures contribute to global disparities in health outcomes 95 2.20a Under-five mortality rates improve as mothers’ education levels rise 119 Introduction 121 Tables 3.1 Rural population and land use 126 3.2 Agricultural inputs 130 3.3 Agricultural output and productivity 134 3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity 138 3.5 Freshwater 142 3.6 Water pollution 146 3.7 Energy production and use 150 3.8 Energy efficiency and emissions 154 3.9 Sources of electricity 158 3.10 Urbanization 162 3.11 Urban housing conditions 166 3.12 Traffic and congestion 170 3.13 Air pollution 174 3.14 Government commitment 176 3.15 Toward a broader measure of savings 180 Text figures, tables, and boxes 3a Agriculture’s share in GDP—declining, but still more than a fifth in low-income economies 122 3b Agricultural productivity has increased, yielding more output for all 122 3c More people will experience water scarcity and water stress 123 3d Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water . . . 123 3e . . . and the least productive user 123 3f Irrigation has increased, demanding more water 123 3g Cereal yields have increased in most regions—East Asia has almost reached the high-income economies 124 3h Forested areas are shrinking in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa—recovering in East Asia 124 3i Agriculture accounts for a seventh of all greenhouse gas emissions 125 3j Less rain is falling in the Sahel, with dire consequences 125 3k Horn of Africa suffers floods after parching drought 125 3.1a What is rural? Urban? 129 3.2a Nearly 40 percent of land globally is used for agriculture 133 3.3a The five countries with the highest agricultural productivity 137 3.3b The 10 countries with the highest cereal yield in 2003–05— and the 10 with the lowest 137 3.5a The rural-urban divide in access to an improved water source 145 3.6a Emissions of organic water pollutants declined in most countries from 1990 to 2003, even among the top emitters 149 3.7a Energy use per capita varies widely among the top energy users 153 3.8a High-income countries contribute more than half of global carbon dioxide emissions 157 3.8b The five largest contributors to carbon dioxide emissions differ considerably in per capita emissions 157 3.9a Coal is still the major source of electricity in all income groups, with low-income countries increasingly relying on this source 161 3.10a Population of the world’s largest metropolitan areas in 1000, 1900, 2000, and 2015 165 3.11a Selected housing indicators for smaller economies 169 3.12a The 15 economies with the most expensive gasoline— and the 15 with the cheapest, 2006 173 WDI07 frontmatter.indd 9 3/25/07 12:17:53 PM