64heWorldHealthReport2003 contributed to the implementation of polio activities, it is impossible to quantify accurately the value of all financial and in-kind expenditures Of the over USS 5 billion that will have been spent on the initiative, however, a conservative estimate based on the time of volunteers and health workers during NIDs-the most labour-intensive of the strategies-suggests that polio-endemic countries will have contributed at least US$ 2.35 billion in volunteer time lone between 1988 and 2005(8). Additional public and private sector resources from the national, state, province, district and local community levels paid for petrol, social mobilize tion,training and other costs. External sources will have provided at least US$ 3 billion to help endemic countries cover polio eradication costs Of the more than 100 external donors to date, 26 will have contrib- uted more than US$ 1 million over the lifespan of the initiative and 12 at least US$ 25 million (see Figure 4.2). A particular strength of the polio initiative has been its strong partnership with a number of non-traditional donors of development aid, most notably Rotary Interna tional (see Box 4.3). The country-level budgeting and resource management processes, com- bined with centralized tracking of resource requirements and funding flows, have allowed the programme to accommodate the needs of donors and recipient countries while improv- ing the efficient use of available financing. Despite their limited infrastructure, many low- income and lower-middle-income countries have clearly demonstrated a tremendous absorptive capacity for health resources, which can rapidly achieve real health outcomes. Although the coordinated international advocacy and resource management of this initiative have been very successful, the most striking aspect of the financing for polio eradication has been the substantial contribution of endemic countries and communities themselves to en suring that their children share fully in the global vision of a world without pol Figure 4.2 Global Polio Eradication Initiative: financial support 1988-2005 ● Germany● Denmark ● Netherland ● United Kingdom Commission ●USAD ■ UN Foundation a Gates Foundation ● Canada ■ Rotary International 2003-2005 fundin Centers for disease Control and prevention US$ 210 million p64 The World Health Report 2003 contributed to the implementation of polio activities, it is impossible to quantify accurately the value of all financial and in-kind expenditures. Of the over US$ 5 billion that will have been spent on the initiative, however, a conservative estimate based on the time of volunteers and health workers during NIDs – the most labour-intensive of the strategies – suggests that polio-endemic countries will have contributed at least US$ 2.35 billion in volunteer time alone between 1988 and 2005 (8). Additional public and private sector resources from the national, state, province, district and local community levels paid for petrol, social mobiliza￾tion, training and other costs. External sources will have provided at least US$ 3 billion to help endemic countries cover polio eradication costs. Of the more than 100 external donors to date, 26 will have contrib￾uted more than US$ 1 million over the lifespan of the initiative and 12 at least US$ 25 million (see Figure 4.2). A particular strength of the polio initiative has been its strong partnership with a number of non-traditional donors of development aid, most notably Rotary Interna￾tional (see Box 4.3). The country-level budgeting and resource management processes, com￾bined with centralized tracking of resource requirements and funding flows, have allowed the programme to accommodate the needs of donors and recipient countries while improv￾ing the efficient use of available financing. Despite their limited infrastructure, many low￾income and lower-middle-income countries have clearly demonstrated a tremendous absorptive capacity for health resources, which can rapidly achieve real health outcomes. Although the coordinated international advocacy and resource management of this initiative have been very successful, the most striking aspect of the financing for polio eradication has been the substantial contribution of endemic countries and communities themselves to en￾suring that their children share fully in the global vision of a world without polio. ● USA (CDC*) ● USAID ● Japan ● Canada Others 2003–2005 funding gap US$ 210 million ■ Rotary International ■ Gates Foundation ■ UN Foundation ▲ World Bank ▲ European Commission ● United Kingdom ● Netherlands ● Germany ● Denmark * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ● Public sector – 65% ■ Private sector – 25% ▲ Multilateral sector – 10% Figure 4.2 Global Polio Eradication Initiative: financial support 1988–2005