How nanoscale seed particles affect vapor- liquid nucleation With constrained LDFT,the shape of critical nucleus and height of the nucleation barrier can be determined without using a predefined nucleus as input. 140 120 100 80 60 -2.8电m 40 u=.2.88 u=-2.89 u=-2.91 △ 4=-2.89 u=-2.87 20 μ=-2.90 ◇μ=-2.91 0 1500 3000 4500 nucleus volume,Vd homogeneous nucleation at different chemical potentials Liu and Zhang,J.Chem.Phys.2011,(accepted)• With constrained LDFT, the shape of critical nucleus and height of the nucleation barrier can be determined without using a predefined nucleus as input. 0 1500 3000 4500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 energy barrier, ∆Ω nucleus volume, Vd µ=-2.87 µ=-2.88 µ=-2.89 µ=-2.90 µ=-2.91 homogeneous nucleation at different chemical potentials Liu and Zhang, J. Chem. Phys. 2011, (accepted) How nanoscale seed particles affect vapor￾liquid nucleation