灯塔是否是公共物 成本一收益分析 品? Cost-Benefit Analysis Are Lighthouses ◆为了判断是否要提供公共物品,必须要比较使 人的总收益和提供与维护 Public goods? n order to decide whether to provide a publ good or not, the total benefits of all those whe use the good must be compared to the costs of providing and maintaining the public good. 磨总菜熟蚯盘 要估计物品对社会整体而 成本一收益分析 Cost-Benefit analysi 共有资源 成不计莱一工程对社会整 收益分 Common resources A cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate 共有资源,和公共物品一样,不具 the total costs and benefits of the project to 有排他性。对于想使用的人,总是 society as a whole. 箴奇罘鹤:因为以计社会收益和资 可以免费得到它们。 Common resources, like public It is difficult to do because of the absence of prie goods, are not excludable. They are ◆生命的价值、消费者的时间和审美价值都难以评估。 The value of life. the consumer's time, and aesthetics available free of charge to anyone are difficult to assess. who wishes to use them 共有资源的例子 Examples of Common 共有资源 Resources Common resources ◆清洁的空气和水 共有资源是具有竞争性的物品, Clean air and water 因为某人对共有资源的使用减少 ◆石游矿藏 Oil pools 了其他人的使用。 ◆搬苏的道略 Congested roads Common resources are rival ◆鱼类、鲸鱼和其他野生动物 Fish, whales, and other goods because one persons use of wildlife the common resouree reduces other people's use4 19 灯塔是否是公共物 品？ Are Lighthouses Public Goods? 20 成本－收益分析 Cost-Benefit Analysis ‹ 为了判断是否要提供公共物品，必须要比较使 用该物品的所有人的总收益和提供与维护该公 共物品的各种成本。 In order to decide whether to provide a public good or not, the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to the costs of providing and maintaining the public good. ‹ 成本－收益分析就是要估计物品对社会整体而 言的总成本和总收益。 Cost benefit analysis estimates the total costs and benefits of a good to society as a whole. 21 成本－收益分析 Cost-Benefit Analysis ‹成本－收益分析被用来估计某一工程对社会整 体而言的总成本和总收益。 A cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate the total costs and benefits of the project to society as a whole. ‹ 做这件事件是困难的，因为赖以估计社会收益和资源 成本的价格并不存在。 It is difficult to do because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs. ‹ 生命的价值、消费者的时间和审美价值都难以评估。 The value of life, the consumer’s time, and aesthetics are difficult to assess. 22 共有资源 Common Resources 共有资源，和公共物品一样，不具 有排他性。对于想使用的人，总是 可以免费得到它们。 Common resources, like public goods, are not excludable. They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them. 23 共有资源 Common Resources 共有资源是具有竞争性的物品， 因为某人对共有资源的使用减少 了其他人的使用。 Common resources are rival goods because one person’s use of the common resource reduces other people’s use. 24 共有资源的例子 Examples of Common Resources ‹清洁的空气和水 Clean air and water ‹石油矿藏 Oil pools ‹拥挤的道路 Congested roads ‹鱼类、鲸鱼和其他野生动植物 Fish, whales, and other wildlife