While governments have a strong brand, they typically advertise relatively little. Prior to and during WwI and WWll, the US federal government carried out major advertising campaigns to boost public morale and generate support for the war effort. US federal government advertising is typically focuses on military recruitment(particularly with a professional, non-conscripted armed forces)and postal services. In 1999 US federal government advertising expenditure amounted to $548 million, which is 0.3% of total US advertising spending. The Ad Council, a US non-profit organization that provides advertising on behalf of government and non-government public service campaigns, provided about $1. 2 billion of media spots in 1998. US state and local governments also did some advertising, primarily for lotteries, tourism, and economic development. Over all US government advertising spending in 1999(including the value of donated time and space) probably amounted to less than 1%of total US advertising spending. For comparision, US federal government expenditure amounts to about 20% of GDP. In other high-income countries, governments typically do more advertising and play a larger part in the economy. But government advertising and communications in most high- income countries appears to be small relative to governments' share of goods and services in the over -all The US federal advertising figure is from US government accounting systems. See US General Accounting Office, Federal Advertising Contracts: Agencies Have Discretion in Setting Work Scope and Requirements GAOvGGD-00-203 (Sept 2000)p 3. US government advertising spending does not appear to be consistently defined and tracked. See GAo, Federal Advertising Contracts: Distribution to Small Disadvantaged Businesses, GAO/GGD-00-102R(April 17, 2000)Figure 1, p 4; LNA/Media Watch, Ad S Summary, various years(New York: Competitive Media Reporting, various dates), Table of Leading National Advertisers; Advertising Age, Ad Age Dataplace, 100 Leading National Advertisers, various ears,onthewebathttp://adage.com/dataplace/index.htmlThetotaladvertisingfigureisfromrObert Coen'scompilationSeehttp://www.mccann.com/html/coenreport.html Seehttp://www.adcouncil.org/bodynewsdonatehtmlThefivelargestAdCouncilcampaignsinterms of media value were Crime Prevention($128 million ), Drunk Driving Prevention($117 million), Education Excellence Partnership($95 million), Reduce, Reuse, Recycle($81 million), and 4-H(S64 million) Central government expenditure in high-income countries typically amounts to 35-45%of GDP. See World Bank, World Development Report 2000/2001, Selected World Development Indicators, Table 14 availableonlineathttp://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/report/index.htmnOtethatcentral government expenditure includes transfer payments for social security and health that are economic transactions but are not included in GDP. Government(final)consumption as a share of GDP in high income countries is about 15-20%. See Id. Table 133 While governments have a strong brand, they typically advertise relatively little. Prior to and during WWI and WWII, the US federal government carried out major advertising campaigns to boost public morale and generate support for the war effort. US federal government advertising is typically focuses on military recruitment (particularly with a professional, non-conscripted armed forces) and postal services. In 1999 US federal government advertising expenditure amounted to $548 million, which is 0.3% of total US advertising spending.5 The Ad Council, a US non-profit organization that provides advertising on behalf of government and non-government public service campaigns, provided about $1.2 billion of media spots in 1998.6 US state and local governments also did some advertising, primarily for lotteries, tourism, and economic development. Over￾all US government advertising spending in 1999 (including the value of donated time and space) probably amounted to less than 1% of total US advertising spending. For comparision, US federal government expenditure amounts to about 20% of GDP.7 In other high-income countries, governments typically do more advertising and play a larger part in the economy. But government advertising and communications in most high￾income countries appears to be small relative to governments’ share of goods and services in the over-all economy. 5 The US federal advertising figure is from US government accounting systems. See US General Accounting Office, Federal Advertising Contracts: Agencies Have Discretion in Setting Work Scope and Requirements GAO/GGD-00-203 (Sept. 2000) p. 3. US government advertising spending does not appear to be consistently defined and tracked. See GAO, Federal Advertising Contracts: Distribution to Small Disadvantaged Businesses, GAO/GGD-00-102R (April 17, 2000) Figure 1, p. 4; LNA/MediaWatch, Ad $ Summary, various years (New York: Competitive Media Reporting, various dates), Table of Leading National Advertisers; Advertising Age, Ad Age Dataplace, 100 Leading National Advertisers, various years, on the web at http://adage.com/dataplace/index.html . The total advertising figure is from Robert Coen’s compilation. See http://www.mccann.com/html/coenreport.html . 6 See http://www.adcouncil.org/body_news_donate.html . The five largest Ad Council campaigns in terms of media value were Crime Prevention ($128 million), Drunk Driving Prevention ($117 million), Education Excellence Partnership ($95 million), Reduce, Reuse, Recycle ($81 million), and 4-H ($64 million). 7Central government expenditure in high-income countries typically amounts to 35-45% of GDP. See World Bank, World Development Report 2000/2001, Selected World Development Indicators, Table 14; available online at http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/report/index.htm . Note that central government expenditure includes transfer payments for social security and health that are economic transactions but are not included in GDP. Government (final) consumption as a share of GDP in high￾income countries is about 15-20%. See Id. Table 13