xvi Contents 25.17 Application:Sulfa Drugs 990 Key Concepts 991 Problems 994 26 Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions in Organic Synthesis 1002 26.1 Coupling Reactions of Organocuprate Reagents 1003 26.2 Suzuki Reaction 1005 26.3 Heck Reaction 1009 26.4 Carbenes and Cyclopropane Synthesis 1012 26.5 Simmons-Smith Reaction 1014 26.6 Metathesis 1015 27 Carbohydrates 1027 271 Introduction 1028 附 Monosaccharides 1028 The Family of D-Aldoses 1034 27.4 The Family of D-Ketoses 1035 27.5 Physical Properties of Monosaccharides 1036 27.6 The Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides 1036 27.7 Glycosides 1042 27.8 Reactions of Monosaccharides at the OH Groups 1046 27.9 Reactions at the Carbonyl Group-Oxidation and Reduction 1047 27.10 React s at the Carbonyl Gr -Adding or Removing One Carbor △t0m104g 27.11 The Fischer Proof of the Structure of Glucose 1053 2712 Disaccharides 1056 28 Amino Acids and Proteins 1074 28.1 Amino Acids 1075 28.2 Synthesis of Amino Acids 1078 28.3 Separation of Amino Acids 1081 28.4 Enantioselective Synthesis of Amino Acids 1085 28.5 Peptides 1086 28.6 Peptide Sequencing 1090 28.7 28 Peptid Synthesi 1094 nthesis 1099 xvi Contents 25.17 Application: Sulfa Drugs 990 Key Concepts 991 Problems 994 26 Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions in Organic Synthesis 1002 26.1 Coupling Reactions of Organocuprate Reagents 1003 26.2 Suzuki Reaction 1005 26.3 Heck Reaction 1009 26.4 Carbenes and Cyclopropane Synthesis 1012 26.5 Simmons–Smith Reaction 1014 26.6 Metathesis 1015 Key Concepts 1020 Problems 1021 27 Carbohydrates 1027 27.1 Introduction 1028 27.2 Monosaccharides 1028 27.3 The Family of D-Aldoses 1034 27.4 The Family of D-Ketoses 1035 27.5 Physical Properties of Monosaccharides 1036 27.6 The Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides 1036 27.7 Glycosides 1042 27.8 Reactions of Monosaccharides at the OH Groups 1046 27.9 Reactions at the Carbonyl Group—Oxidation and Reduction 1047 27.10 Reactions at the Carbonyl Group—Adding or Removing One Carbon Atom 1049 27.11 The Fischer Proof of the Structure of Glucose 1053 27.12 Disaccharides 1056 27.13 Polysaccharides 1059 27.14 Other Important Sugars and Their Derivatives 1061 Key Concepts 1066 Problems 1068 28 Amino Acids and Proteins 1074 28.1 Amino Acids 1075 28.2 Synthesis of Amino Acids 1078 28.3 Separation of Amino Acids 1081 28.4 Enantioselective Synthesis of Amino Acids 1085 28.5 Peptides 1086 28.6 Peptide Sequencing 1090 28.7 Peptide Synthesis 1094 28.8 Automated Peptide Synthesis 1099 28.9 Protein Structure 1101 smi75625_fm_00i-xxxiv.indd xvi 11/17/09 11:21:38 AM