公共物品与共有资源 “生活中最好的东西是免费的 The best things in life are free Public goods and Common resources 免费物品向经济学分析提出了特别的挑战 Free goods provide a special challenge for econ analysis 第11章 经济中的大多数物品都是在市场中得以配量的 Most goods in our economy are allocated in CHapter 11 对于这些物品,价格就是指导买者和卖者决策的 信号 for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buvers and sellers “生活中最好的东西是免费的 生活中最好的东西是兔费的 “ The best things in life are free..” " The best things in life are free. 个物品没有被标价,私人市场就不 当物品可以兔免费获得时,通常用以配置 能保证该物品能在合适的数量下进行生 资源的市场力量就难以发挥作用了 产和消费。 When goods are available free of When a good does not have a price charge, the market forces that normally attached to it, private markets cannot allocate resources in our economy are ensure that the good is produced and absent consumed in the proper amounts “生活中最好的东西是免费的 物品的不同类型 “ The best things in life are free..” The Different Kinds of goods 当考虑经济中的不同物品时,可以将它们 在这种情况下,政府政策就有可能矫正 按两个特征来分组 由此导致的市场失灵,提高经济福利 the economy, it is useful to group then i When thinking about the various good In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure according to two characteristics: that results, and raise economic well- ◆该物品是排他的吗? Is the good excludable? ◆被物品是竞争的吗? Is the good rival1 公共物品与共有资源 Public Goods and Common Resources 第11章 Chapter 11 2 “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 免费物品向经济学分析提出了特别的挑战 Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis 经济中的大多数物品都是在市场中得以配置的 Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets… …对于这些物品，价格就是指导买者和卖者决策的 信号 …for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers 3 “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 当物品可以免费获得时，通常用以配置 资源的市场力量就难以发挥作用了。 When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. 4 “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 当一个物品没有被标价，私人市场就不 能保证该物品能在合适的数量下进行生 产和消费。 When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. 5 “生活中最好的东西是免费的…” “The best things in life are free. . .” 在这种情况下，政府政策就有可能矫正 由此导致的市场失灵，提高经济福利。 In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well￾being. 6 物品的不同类型 The Different Kinds of Goods 当考虑经济中的不同物品时，可以将它们 按两个特征来分组： When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: ‹该物品是排他的吗？ Is the good excludable? ‹该物品是竞争的吗？ Is the good rival?