1528 Journal of the American Ceramic Society--Kriven and Lee Vol. 88. No 6 -D. B. Marshall b.n. cox and a. Evans.“TheM Vol 12, Science and Technology of Zirconia ll, Edited by N. Claussen, M. Role. racking in Brittle Matrix Fiber Composites, Acta Met. Mater, 33(11]2013-2 and A H. Heuer. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 1984. Reinfored Ceramics. "/Mech. Phys. Solids, 34(2 167-89 [1g racture in Fiber and Other Non posite Ce- amics, Edited by R. T Tressler. G. L Messing. C. G. Pantano, and E Newnham Dissimilar Elastic Materials, "Int J Solids Struct, 25, 1053-67(1989). 3w. M. Kriven, "The Transformation Mechanism of Spherical Zirconia Par- SA. G. Evans and D. BM Matrix Composites, "Acta Met. Mater. 37[10]2567-831989 ology of Zircon ia ii. Edited by N. claussen, M. Rahle, and A. H. Heuer iber-Matrix Interface in Ceramic Composites, Am. Ceram. SA. H. Heuer and M. ihle."On the Nucleation of the Martensitic Transfor M. Prevo and J. Brennan"H ength Silicon Carbide Fiber-Rein- w.M. Krven, ""Martensitic Toughening of Ceramics, Mater. Sci. E J. Mater.Sci.,15[2]463-8(1980 A127,249-55(1990) erization of glass and Glass- R. L. Withers, J. G. Thompson, and T.R. Welberry. "The Structure and Ceramics, Edited by R. eD. A. peacor, "High-Temperature Single-Crystal Study of the Cristobalite "H. C. Cao E. Bischof o. Sbaizero. M. Ruhle.AG. Evans. D. B. Marshall 8.274-98(1973) and J. J. Brennan, ""Effect of Interfaces on the Properties of Fiber-Reinforced G. Hill and R. Roy, ca structure Studies: v. The Variable Inversion in Soc,4l2532-7(1958) uang.Y.Xu. D. Zhu and w.M. River N. Fenner, "Stability Relations of the Silica Minerals. Am. J. Sci./4th B-SiAION Composites Reinforced with SiC Monofilaments, "J Mater. Sci. Eng M. Huang, D. Zhu, Y. Xu, T Mackin, and w. M. Kriven, ""Interfacial Soc. Bull, 36[[4]142-8(1957) males in Tridymite and Cristobalite, "Am. Ceram. Properties of SiC Monofilament Reinforced B'-SiAION Composites, "J. Mater tives of the Silica Structures. Am. Mineral 39 Sci.Eng.A,201.15968(19 78600-14(1954 1. Huang. D. Zhu, Y. Xu, w.M.Riven, and C. Y. Yuh, "SiCtyo-Si- A. J. Perrotta. D. K. Grubbs. E S. Martin. and N.R. Dando,"Chemical roperties and Oxidation Retained Properties, J. Mater. Sci. Stabilization of B-Cristobalite, "J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 72[31441-7(1989 A,220[1-2]17484(1996 E. S. Thomas, J. G. Thompson, R. L Withers, M. Sterns, Y. Xiao, and D. H Kuo, w.M. Kriven, and T J Mackin, Control of Interfacial Prop- R J. Kirkpatrick, Further Investigation of the Stabilization of P-Cristobalite Am paris D. wei eidner, J. D. Jorgensen, and M. A Saltzberg, ""Pressur " W. J. Clegg. K. Kendall. N. M. Alford, D. Birchall and T. W.Button. Induced Phase Transition and Pressure Dependence of Crystal Structure in Low "A Simple Way to Make Tough Ceramics, "Nature, 347, 455-7(1990) Clegg. "The Fabrication and Failure of Laminar Ceramic Composites. M. A Gulgun and w. M. Kriven, " A Simple Solution-polyn D H. Kuo and w. M. Kriven, "A Strong and Damage Tolerant Oxide Lam- Technology, and Commercialization of Powder Synthesis and Shape Forming Proc- Interfacial Engineering for Optimized Prop- Society. Westerville, OH. 199 cMkn、:埋a1g9 2.“3mM0 ide spow, des a Ao gleans上m间rm ynthesis: Ceramics, Glasses, Composites Il 19w. M. Kriven, "Possible Alternative Transformation Tougheners to Zirconia: 4M. A. Galgan, W. M. Kriven, and M. H. Nguyen, "Processes for Preparing Crystallographic Aspects,J. An Ceram Soc. 71[12] 1021-30(1988). Noy 19th ns and Their Applications in E.S. Thomas, J.G. Thompson, R L Withers, M. Sterns, Y. Xiao, and RJ 0l-100199 on of the Stabilization of p-Cristobalite 2W. E. Lee and A. H. Heuer, "On the Polymorphism of Enstatite, "J. Am. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77[1]49-56(1994) -E C. Bloor. ""Conversion in Steatite Ceramics, ""J. Br. Ceram Soc. 2. 309-16 43. S. Reed and A. M. Lejus, "Effect of Grinding and Polishing on Near-Sur- face Phase Transforma (pAH.Heuer,NClaussen,WM.Kriven,and M.Rihle Riven.“ Cryst bulit Amorphous Cordierite Powder P by a PVA Solution-Polymerization Route. "J.Am. Ceram. Soc., 82[8]2049-55(1999) 4R. T. DeHoff and F N. Rhines, Quantitative Microscopy. McGraw-Hill,New M. Kriven, C.J. Chan, and E. A. Barinek "The Particle-Size Elect ol SoH. G. Tattersall and g.ta Ceramics, Vol. 24, Science and Technology of Zirconia /ll, Edited by S. Somiya, N in Metals, Ceramics and Other Materials, "J. Mater. Sci, 1, 296-301(1966). SC. M. Huang. D H. Kuo. Y J. Kim and W. M. Kriven, "Phase Stability of -C J. Chan. w. M. Kriven. andJ. F. Yo Chemically Derived Enstatite(MgSiO3) Powders, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.. 77[101 7 =D. Zhu and w. M. Krimen "hear nduced airman sformation in Enstatite. 32Y. Imanaka, S. Aoki, N. Kamehara, and K. Niwa, "Crystallization of c.Eng.Proc.,17A,383-90(1996) Low Temperature Fired Glass/ Ceramic Composite, Yogyo Kyokai Shi, 95[111 2D. Zhu and w. M. Kriven "Shear Induced Transformation and Plasticity in ental Study on the Polymorphism of Enstatite, "Am. 2M. Ruhle and W.M. Kriven, ""Stress-Induced Transformations in Composite Minera,59.,345-52(l sotH.Heaumrand me. unise Phase: Thns o3malions n zr containing ce. Mucture of cadium. arbon at." I. Cheme. soac. Faraday igns he. 61-6 ramics: Il. The Martensitic Reaction t-Zro2: pp. 14-32 in Advances in Ceramics, 9752 D. B. Marshall, B. N. Cox, and A. G. Evans, ‘‘The Mechanics of Matrix Cracking in Brittle Matrix Fiber Composites,’’ Acta Met. Mater., 33 [11] 2013–21 (1985). 3 B. Budiansky, J. W. Hutchinson, and A. G. Evans, ‘‘Matrix Fracture in Fiber Reinforced Ceramics,’’ J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 34 [2] 167–89 (1986). 4 M. Y. He and J. W. Hutchinson, ‘‘Crack Deflection at an Interphase Between Dissimilar Elastic Materials,’’ Int. J. Solids Struct., 25, 1053–67 (1989). 5 A. G. Evans and D. B. Marshall, Overview No. 85, ‘‘The Mechanical Behavior of Ceramic Matrix Composites,’’ Acta Met. Mater., 37 [10] 2567–83 (1989). 6 R. J. Kerans, R. S. Hay, N. J. Pagano, and T. A. Parthasarathy, ‘‘The Role of Fiber–Matrix Interface in Ceramic Composites,’’ Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 68 [2] 429–42 (1993). 7 K. M. Prevo and J. J. Brennan, ‘‘High-Strength Silicon Carbide Fiber-Rein￾forced Glass-Matrix Composites,’’ J. Mater. Sci., 15 [2] 463–8 (1980). 8 J. J. Brennan, ‘‘Interfacial Characterization of Glass and Glass-Ceramic Matrix/Nicalon SiC Fiber Composites’’; pp. 549–60 in Tailing Multiphase and Composite Ceramics, Edited by R. T. Tressler, G. L. Messing, C. G. Pantano, and R. E. Newnham. Plenum Press, New York, 1986. 9 H. C. Cao, E. Bischoff, O. Sbaizero, M. Ru¨hle, A. G. Evans, D. B. Marshall, and J. J. Brennan, ‘‘Effect of Interfaces on the Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73 [6] 1691–9 (1990). 10C. M. Huang, Y. Xu, D. Zhu, and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Combustion Synthesized b0 -SiAlON Composites Reinforced with SiC Monofilaments,’’ J. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 188, 341–51 (1994). 11C. M. Huang, D. Zhu, Y. Xu, T. Mackin, and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Interfacial Properties of SiC Monofilament Reinforced b0 -SiAlON Composites,’’ J. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 201, 159–68 (1995). 12C. M. Huang, D. Zhu, Y. Xu, W. M. Kriven, and C. Y. Yuh, ‘‘SiCf/O’-Si￾AlON Composites: Properties and Oxidation Retained Properties,’’ J. Mater. Sci. A, 220 [1–2] 174–84 (1996). 13D. H. Kuo, W. M. Kriven, and T. J. Mackin, ‘‘Control of Interfacial Prop￾erties Through Fiber Coatings: Monazite Coatings in Oxide/Oxide Composites,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [12] 2987–96 (1997). 14W. J. Clegg, K. Kendall, N. M. Alford, D. Birchall, and T. W. Button, ‘‘A Simple Way to Make Tough Ceramics,’’ Nature, 347, 455–7 (1990). 15W. J. Clegg, ‘‘The Fabrication and Failure of Laminar Ceramic Composites,’’ Acta Metall., 40 [11] 3085–93 (1992). 16D. H. Kuo and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘A Strong and Damage Tolerant Oxide Lam￾inate,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [9] 2421–4 (1997). 17D. H. Kuo and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Interfacial Engineering for Optimized Prop￾erties,’’ Mater. Res. Soc. Symp., 458, 477–88 (1997). 18W. M. Kriven and S. J. Lee, ‘‘Toughening of Ceramic Composites by Trans￾formation Weakening of Interphases’’; US Patent No. 6,361,888 B1, issued Mar 26th 2002. 19W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Possible Alternative Transformation Tougheners to Zirconia: Crystallographic Aspects,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 71 [12] 1021–30 (1988). 20W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Displacive Phase Transformations and Their Applications in Structural Ceramics,’’ J. Phys. IV, Colloque, C8, 101–10 (1995). 21W. E. Lee and A. H. Heuer, ‘‘On the Polymorphism of Enstatite,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 70 [5] 349–60 (1987). 22E. C. Bloor, ‘‘Conversion in Steatite Ceramics,’’ J. Br. Ceram. Soc., 2, 309–16 (1964). 23A. H. Heuer, N. Claussen, W. M. Kriven, and M. Ru¨hle, ‘‘Stability of Te￾tragonal ZrO2 Particles in Ceramic Matrices,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 65 [12] 642–50 (1982). 24W. M. Kriven, C. J. Chan, and E. A. Barinek, ‘‘The Particle-Size Effect of Dicalcium Silicate in a Calcium Zirconate Matrix’’; pp. 145–55 in Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 24, Science and Technology of Zirconia III, Edited by S. Somiya, N. Yamamoto, and H. Yanagida. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 1988. 25C. J. Chan, W. M. Kriven, and J. F. Young, ‘‘Physical Stabilization of the b￾g Transformation in Dicalcium Silicate,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 75 [6] 1621–7 (1992). 26D. Zhu and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Shear Induced Transformation in Enstatite,’’ Ceram. Sci. Eng. Proc., 17 A, 383–90 (1996). 27D. Zhu and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Shear Induced Transformation and Plasticity in Enstatite,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., to be submitted. 28M. Ru¨hle and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Stress-Induced Transformations in Composite Zirconia Ceramics,’’ Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem., 87, 222–8 (1983). 29A. H. Heuer and M. Ru¨hle, ‘‘Phase Transformations in ZrO2-Containing Ce￾ramics: II, The Martensitic Reaction t-ZrO2’’; pp. 14–32 in Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 12, Science and Technology of Zirconia II, Edited by N. Claussen, M. Ru¨hle, and A. H. Heuer. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 1984. 30W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Displacive Transformation Mechanism in Zirconia Ceramics and Other Non-Metals’’; pp. 223–37 in Tailoring Multiphase and Composite Ce￾ramics, Edited by R. T. Tressler, G. L. Messing, C. G. Pantano, and E. Newnham. Plenum, New York, 1986. 31W. M. Kriven, ‘‘The Transformation Mechanism of Spherical Zirconia Par￾ticles in Alumina’’; pp. 64–77 in Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 12, Science and Tech￾nology of Zirconia II, Edited by N. Claussen, M. Ru¨hle, and A. H. Heuer. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 1984. 32A. H. Heuer and M. Ru¨hle, ‘‘On the Nucleation of the Martensitic Transfor￾mation in Zirconia,’’ Acta Metall. Mater., 33, 2101–12 (1985). 33W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Martensitic Toughening of Ceramics,’’ Mater. Sci. Eng., A 127, 249–55 (1990). 34R. L. Withers, J. G. Thompson, and T. R. Welberry, ‘‘The Structure and Microstructure of a-Cristobalite and its Relationship to b-Cristobalite,’’ Phys. Chem. Miner., 16, 517–23 (1989). 35D. A. Peacor, ‘‘High-Temperature Single-Crystal Study of the Cristobalite Inversion,’’ Z. Kristallogr., 138, 274–98 (1973). 36V. G. Hill and R. Roy, ‘‘Silica Structure Studies: V, The Variable Inversion in Cristobalite,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 41 [12] 532–7 (1958). 37C. N. Fenner, ‘‘Stability Relations of the Silica Minerals,’’ Am. J. Sci. [4th Series], 36 [214] 331–84 (1913). 38W. Eitel, ‘‘Structural Anomalies in Tridymite and Cristobalite,’’ Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 36 [4] 142–8 (1957). 39M. J. Buerger, ‘‘Stuffed Derivatives of the Silica Structures,’’ Am. Mineral, 39 [7–8] 600–14 (1954). 40A. J. Perrotta, D. K. Grubbs, E. S. Martin, and N. R. Dando, ‘‘Chemical Stabilization of b-Cristobalite,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72 [3] 441–7 (1989). 41E. S. Thomas, J. G. Thompson, R. L. Withers, M. Sterns, Y. Xiao, and R. J. Kirkpatrick, ‘‘Further Investigation of the Stabilization of b-Cristobalite,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77 [1] 49–56 (1994). 42J. B. Parise, D. J. Weidner, J. D. Jorgensen, and M. A. Saltzberg, ‘‘Pressure￾Induced Phase Transition and Pressure Dependence of Crystal Structure in Low (a) and Ca/Al-Doped Cristobalite,’’ J. Appl. Phys., 75 [3] 1361–6 (1994). 43M. A. Gu¨lgu¨n and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘A Simple Solution-Polymerization Route for Oxide Powder Synthesis’’; pp. 57–66 in Ceramics Transactions, Vol. 62, Science, Technology, and Commercialization of Powder Synthesis and Shape Forming Proc￾esses, Edited by J. J. Kingsley, C. H. Schilling, and J. H. Adair. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 1996. 44W. M. Kriven, S. J. Lee, M. A. Gu¨lgu¨n, M. H. Nguyen, and D. K. Kim, ‘‘Synthesis of Oxide Powders Via Polymeric Steric Entrapment,’’ (invited review paper) in Innovative Processing/Synthesis: Ceramics, Glasses, Composites III,’’ Ceram. Trans., 108, 99–110 (2000). 45M. A. Gu¨lgu¨n, W. M. Kriven, and M. H. Nguyen, ‘‘Processes for Preparing Mixed Oxide Powders’’; US Patent No. 6,482,387, issued Nov 19th 2002. 46E. S. Thomas, J. G. Thompson, R. L. Withers, M. Sterns, Y. Xiao, and R. J. Kirkpatrick, ‘‘Further Investigation of the Stabilization of b-Cristobalite,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77 [1] 49–56 (1994). 47J. S. Reed and A. M. Lejus, ‘‘Effect of Grinding and Polishing on Near-Sur￾face Phase Transformation in Zirconia,’’ J. Mater. Res. Bull., 12, 949–54 (1977). 48S. J. Lee and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Crystallization and Densification of Nano-Size, Amorphous Cordierite Powder Prepared by a PVA Solution-Polymerization Route,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 [8] 2049–55 (1999). 49R. T. DeHoff and F. N. Rhines, Quantitative Microscopy. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968. 50H. G. Tattersall and G. Tappin, ‘‘The Work of Fracture and its Measurement in Metals, Ceramics and Other Materials,’’ J. Mater. Sci., 1, 296–301 (1966). 51C. M. Huang, D. H. Kuo, Y. J. Kim, and W. M. Kriven, ‘‘Phase Stability of Chemically Derived Enstatite (MgSiO3) Powders,’’ J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77 [10] 2625–31 (1994). 52Y. Imanaka, S. Aoki, N. Kamehara, and K. Niwa, ‘‘Crystallization of Low Temperature Fired Glass/Ceramic Composite,’’ Yogyo Kyokai Shi, 95 [11] 1119–21 (1987). 53J. R. Smyth, ‘‘Experimental Study on the Polymorphism of Enstatite,’’ Am. Mineral, 59, 345–52 (1974). 54J. M. Craido and J. M. Trillo, ‘‘Effects of Mechanical Grinding on the Texture and Structure of Calcium Carbonate,’’ J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 117, 961–6 (1975). & 1528 Journal of the American Ceramic Society—Kriven and Lee Vol. 88, No. 6