322 D.Lin,D.Simmons Tourism Management 63 (2017)315-328 so with support from the government.Otherwise,all relevant activities property markets,will yield benefits to the common good" will be compelled to stop"(Interview,ES no.6,2015).Operators were (Campbell,2006,p.93). thus interested in "taking the chance of planning making to regen- After the site investigations,we initially decided to demolish 81 erate the area and thus to attract more visitors"(Interview,ES no.4, 2015). houses and rebuilt 9.In order to achieve this aim,Secretary Yu of the DDMC has been communicating with house owners Business operators had formed an incorporated membership- based association the Jiaochangwei Bed and Breakfast Association repeatedly.JCW is very complex in terms of the land user ship, (JBBA)(hereafter JBBA-led network).Under the direction of an and the power of village representatives is part of this fight. Houses are really hard to move. elected Board,the General Manager managed the network,and identified and implemented a range of activities to develop local (Interview,R no.2,2015) tourism.The JBBA was akin to Provan and Kenis'(2008)network administrative organization,which operated as a central node for communication and coordination.During the process of the JTDP. On the other hand,residents were expecting that the JTDP would the JBBA collected suggestions from its members through face-to- lead to an increase in real estate rents.Many interviews with face communication,questionnaires,and committee conferences indigenous residents reflected that,although they feel a bit reluctant to compile reports that submitted to the governmental authorities. to rent out their own houses where they have lived for decades,they It also communicated government decisions to its members are happy overall,given their increasing rental income.Our field through the same channels.In this sense,as one JBBA member work has shown that monthly rents had increased from the original explained,"our voices will be easily to be heard and we would 1000-2000 Yuan in 2007 up to 20-50 thousand Yuan in 2016. expect the plan could be developed in the direction that may The Residents'Committee of JCW(RCJ)is a self-governing entity. benefit us"(Interview.ES no.3,2015).The JBBA-led network the numbers of which have been elected by indigenous residents to demonstrated a high level of positive engagement (reflected reg- take charge of the community's daily affairs.The RCl can be regarded ular and well-attended meetings)and a strong commitment to as a lead organization-governed network (Provan Kenis,2008) sharing information.The role of the BBA in organizing the partic- wherein the RCl plays a central coordinating role,facilitating and ipation of business operators had been evidenced by the ITDP enabling collaboration among residents.The RCJ has a "joint-stock planner. company"that "pays attention to the planning and construction of public infrastructure"(Interview,SMGO no.2,2015).Being mutually This is an innovation in the JTDP to communicate among rele- empowered by both the state and the peasantry (Wang.1997).the vant parties through one organizer(the President).Information RCJ acts as a mediator between the "outsiders"and the community has been collected and disseminated to B&B operators through during the JTDP.Interviewed residents generally acknowledged that this lead person.The match between architects and B&B oper- the RCJ collected the demands of indigenous residents through site ators is also made by the President.Such large-scale commu- investigations,collective meetings,and group interviews,which nication can hardly be based on one-on-one connections used to facilitate their collaboration with other stakeholders to between the planning team and individual B&B operators.JBBA complete the plan.One prominent example emerged in the process effectively assists this process. of identifying houses to be demolished.As a further example of their (Interview,E no.2,2015) brokering role the party secretary of the RCJ accompanied the planning team to negotiate with inhabitants by going door-to-door. However,due to its membership requirements,not all business 5.2.3.Independent architects and reTUMU operators were involved in the association,which required 800 During the planning process.the government recruited 35 Yuan/year membership fee.Those who complained about the BBA volunteer architects to support the regeneration of the JCW.These tended to be newly involved in the B&B sector,and they were not architects came from all over the country,including Shenzhen, yet familiar with the JCW.Our talk with one of the operators,who Beijing,and Chongqing.They had diverse motivations for joining came to the JCW by the end of 2014,suggested that he"is unsatisfied the project.Some believed it was a"rare opportunity"for"young with many issues.for instance,the inadequacy of parking lots".There architects to make their first step towards being a famous architect' is no opportunity for his "voice to be heard",because,he had "not (Interview,E no.1,2015).Others thought this was a project that yet been a member of JBBA"(Interview,ES no.7,2015).Many B&B could actually be implemented rather than a "pure theoretical operators who reported similar experience were not members of discussion"(Interview,TM no.1,2015).Some were attracted by the JBBA,suggesting that the JBBA excluded non-members from the possibility that they could make the JCW"a better,high quality benefits of its coordinated activities. place"(Interview,E no.2,2015). These design experts were loosely networked through reTUMU 5.2.2.Indigenous residents and the RCJ-led network Launched in 2008,reTUMU is a non-governmental organization As a result of the flourishing of tourism in the JCW,by the end of composed of professionals in urban planning and architecture from 2015,there were more than 350 B&Bs,but only 10%were owned by Shenzhen,Hong Kong and Taiwan.It exemplifies a participant- indigenous residents.The vast majority of accommodations were governed network (Provan Kenis,2008)through which,archi- rented out to newcomers,after the indigenous residents had tects are involved in the entire planning process,in this case to help moved away,either to the Shenzhen city center,or overseas.Our B&B operators and indigenous communities to renovate their site investigation suggested that although some elderly people houses.Participant-governed network relations are generally have remained due to the inconvenience of moving,their number decentralized,less formal and dependent upon the social and hu- was fewer than five.Nevertheless,most of the interviewees insisted man capital that exists among members. that indigenous residents were the main subjects of the JTDP.On the one hand,indigenous residents were maintaining their house 5.3.Structuralized inter-network collaboration through GONGOs ownership and their use of the land.These actions were closely related to the planning activity.which is"a subset of public policy. Interactions between public authorities and non-state stake- which assumes that collective intervention,particularly in land and holders have been negotiated by two governmental organized non-so with support from the government. Otherwise, all relevant activities will be compelled to stop” (Interview, ES no. 6, 2015). Operators were thus interested in “taking the chance of planning making to regen￾erate the area and thus to attract more visitors” (Interview, ES no. 4, 2015). Business operators had formed an incorporated membership￾based association the Jiaochangwei Bed and Breakfast Association (JBBA) (hereafter JBBA-led network). Under the direction of an elected Board, the General Manager managed the network, and identified and implemented a range of activities to develop local tourism. The JBBA was akin to Provan and Kenis' (2008) network administrative organization, which operated as a central node for communication and coordination. During the process of the JTDP, the JBBA collected suggestions from its members through face-to￾face communication, questionnaires, and committee conferences to compile reports that submitted to the governmental authorities. It also communicated government decisions to its members through the same channels. In this sense, as one JBBA member explained, “our voices will be easily to be heard and we would expect the plan could be developed in the direction that may benefit us” (Interview, ES no. 3, 2015). The JBBA-led network demonstrated a high level of positive engagement (reflected reg￾ular and well-attended meetings) and a strong commitment to sharing information. The role of the JBBA in organizing the partic￾ipation of business operators had been evidenced by the JTDP planner. This is an innovation in the JTDP to communicate among rele￾vant parties through one organizer (the President).Information has been collected and disseminated to B&B operators through this lead person. The match between architects and B&B oper￾ators is also made by the President. Such large-scale commu￾nication can hardly be based on one-on-one connections between the planning team and individual B&B operators. JBBA effectively assists this process. (Interview, E no. 2, 2015) However, due to its membership requirements, not all business operators were involved in the association, which required 800 Yuan/year membership fee. Those who complained about the JBBA tended to be newly involved in the B&B sector, and they were not yet familiar with the JCW. Our talk with one of the operators, who came to the JCW by the end of 2014, suggested that he “is unsatisfied with many issues, for instance, the inadequacy of parking lots”. There is no opportunity for his “voice to be heard”, because, he had “not yet been a member of JBBA” (Interview, ES no. 7, 2015). Many B&B operators who reported similar experience were not members of JBBA, suggesting that the JBBA excluded non-members from the benefits of its coordinated activities. 5.2.2. Indigenous residents and the RCJ-led network As a result of the flourishing of tourism in the JCW, by the end of 2015, there were more than 350 B&Bs, but only 10% were owned by indigenous residents. The vast majority of accommodations were rented out to newcomers, after the indigenous residents had moved away, either to the Shenzhen city center, or overseas. Our site investigation suggested that although some elderly people have remained due to the inconvenience of moving, their number was fewer than five. Nevertheless, most of the interviewees insisted that indigenous residents were the main subjects of the JTDP. On the one hand, indigenous residents were maintaining their house ownership and their use of the land. These actions were closely related to the planning activity, which is “a subset of public policy, which assumes that collective intervention, particularly in land and property markets, will yield benefits to the common good” (Campbell, 2006, p. 93). After the site investigations, we initially decided to demolish 81 houses and rebuilt 9. In order to achieve this aim, Secretary Yu of the DDMC has been communicating with house owners repeatedly. JCW is very complex in terms of the land user ship, and the power of village representatives is part of this fight. Houses are really hard to move. (Interview, R no.2, 2015) On the other hand, residents were expecting that the JTDP would lead to an increase in real estate rents. Many interviews with indigenous residents reflected that, although they feel a bit reluctant to rent out their own houses where they have lived for decades, they are happy overall, given their increasing rental income. Our field work has shown that monthly rents had increased from the original 1000e2000 Yuan in 2007 up to 20e50 thousand Yuan in 2016. The Residents' Committee of JCW (RCJ) is a self-governing entity, the numbers of which have been elected by indigenous residents to take charge of the community's daily affairs. The RCJ can be regarded as a lead organization-governed network (Provan & Kenis, 2008), wherein the RCJ plays a central coordinating role, facilitating and enabling collaboration among residents. The RCJ has a “joint-stock company” that “pays attention to the planning and construction of public infrastructure” (Interview, SMGO no. 2, 2015). Being mutually empowered by both the state and the peasantry (Wang, 1997), the RCJ acts as a mediator between the “outsiders” and the community during the JTDP. Interviewed residents generally acknowledged that the RCJ collected the demands of indigenous residents through site investigations, collective meetings, and group interviews, which used to facilitate their collaboration with other stakeholders to complete the plan. One prominent example emerged in the process of identifying houses to be demolished. As a further example of their brokering role the party secretary of the RCJ accompanied the planning team to negotiate with inhabitants by going door-to-door. 5.2.3. Independent architects and reTUMU During the planning process, the government recruited 35 volunteer architects to support the regeneration of the JCW. These architects came from all over the country, including Shenzhen, Beijing, and Chongqing. They had diverse motivations for joining the project. Some believed it was a “rare opportunity” for “young architects to make their first step towards being a famous architect” (Interview, E no.1, 2015). Others thought this was a project that could actually be implemented rather than a “pure theoretical discussion” (Interview, TM no. 1, 2015). Some were attracted by the possibility that they could make the JCW “a better, high quality place” (Interview, E no.2, 2015). These design experts were loosely networked through reTUMU. Launched in 2008, reTUMU is a non-governmental organization composed of professionals in urban planning and architecture from Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It exemplifies a participant￾governed network (Provan & Kenis, 2008) through which, archi￾tects are involved in the entire planning process, in this case to help B&B operators and indigenous communities to renovate their houses. Participant-governed network relations are generally decentralized, less formal and dependent upon the social and hu￾man capital that exists among members. 5.3. Structuralized inter-network collaboration through GONGOs Interactions between public authorities and non-state stake￾holders have been negotiated by two governmental organized non- 322 D. Lin, D. Simmons / Tourism Management 63 (2017) 315e328