transfer station, or a landfill disposal site. In small cities, where final disposal sites are nearby, the hauling of wastes is not a serious problem. In large cities. however where the haul distance to the Where long distances are involved, transfer and transport facilities are normally used typically, collection is provided under various management arrangements, ranging from municipa services to franchised private services conducted under various forms of contracts. In several parts of the country, large solid waste disposal companies, with contracts in many cities, own and operat collection vehicles and landfill disposal sites. Collection services for industries vary widely. Some industrial wastes are handled like residential wastes; some companies have disposal sites on their own properties that use conveyor belts or water slurry transport. The latter is used for mineral wastes and agricultural wastes in many cases. Each industry requires an individual solution to its waste problems Separation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Waste he separation, processing, and transformation of solid waste materials is the fourth of the functional elements. The recovery of separated materials, the separation and processing of solid waste components, and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this functional element. The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include curbside collection, drop off, and buy back centers. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facilities, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites. Processing often includes the separation of bulky items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous metals using magnets, volume reduction by compaction, and combustion Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to recover conversion products and energy. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste(Ms w) can be transformed by a variety of chemical and biological processes. The most commonly used chemical transformation process is combustion, which is used in conjunction with the recovery of energy in the form of heat. The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting. The selection of a given set of processes will depend on the waste management objectives to be achieved Transfer and Transport The functional element of transfer and transport involves two steps: (1)the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and(2)the subsequent transport of th wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. The transfer usually takes place at a transfer station. Although motor vehicle transport is most common rail cars and barges are also used For example, in the city of San Francisco the collection vehicles, which are relatively small because of the need to maneuver in city streets, haul their loads to a transfer station at the southern boundary of the city. At the transfer station, the wastes unloaded from the collection vehicles are reloaded into large tractor-trailer trucks. The loaded trucks are then driven to a disposal site located about 60 miles away The final functional element in the solid waste management system is disposal. Today the disposal of wastes by landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities(MRPs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste-processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump: it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land or within the earth's mantle without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the breeding of rats and insects and the In most cities, planning for waste disposal involves dealing with city, county, or other regional planning commissions and agencies. Thus, land-use planning becomes a primary determinant in the selection, design, and operation of processing facilities and landfills. Environmental impact statements re require ed for all new landfill sites to ensure compliance with public health, aesthetics, and future12-4 transfer station, or a landfill disposal site. In small cities, where final disposal sites are nearby, the hauling of wastes is not a serious problem. In large cities, however, where the haul distance to the point of disposal is often greater than 15 miles, the haul may have significant economic implications. Where long distances are involved, transfer and transport facilities are normally used. Typically, collection is provided under various management arrangements, ranging from municipal services to franchised private services conducted under various forms of contracts. In several parts of the country, large solid waste disposal companies, with contracts in many cities, own and operate collection vehicles and landfill disposal sites. Collection services for industries vary widely. Some industrial wastes are handled like residential wastes; some companies have disposal sites on their own properties that use conveyor belts or water slurry transport. The latter is used for mineral wastes and agricultural wastes in many cases. Each industry requires an individual solution to its waste problems. Separation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Waste. The separation, processing, and transformation of solid waste materials is the fourth of the functional elements. The recovery of separated materials, the separation and processing of solid waste components, and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this functional element. The types of means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include curbside collection, drop off, and buy back centers. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials recovery facilities, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites. Processing often includes the separation of bulky items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous metals using magnets, volume reduction by compaction, and combustion. Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to recover conversion products and energy. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) can be transformed by a variety of chemical and biological processes. The most commonly used chemical transformation process is combustion, which is used in conjunction with the recovery of energy in the form of heat. The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting. The selection of a given set of processes will depend on the waste management objectives to be achieved. Transfer and Transport. The functional element of transfer and transport involves two steps: (1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. The transfer usually takes place at a transfer station. Although motor vehicle transport is most common, rail cars and barges are also used to transport wastes. For example, in the city of San Francisco the collection vehicles, which are relatively small because of the need to maneuver in city streets, haul their loads to a transfer station at the southern boundary of the city. At the transfer station, the wastes unloaded from the collection vehicles are reloaded into large tractor-trailer trucks. The loaded trucks are then driven to a disposal site located about 60 miles away. Disposal. The final functional element in the solid waste management system is disposal. Today the disposal of wastes by landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRPs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other substances from various solid waste-processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land or within the earth's mantle without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the breeding of rats and insects and the contamination of groundwater. In most cities, planning for waste disposal involves dealing with city, county, or other regional planning commissions and agencies. Thus, land-use planning becomes a primary determinant in the selection, design, and operation of processing facilities and landfills. Environmental impact statements are required for all new landfill sites to ensure compliance with public health, aesthetics, and future use of land