SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Michael E Porter popularized the concept of 2nd ed (Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill, 2003) the value chain"'in his seminal book Com- Table 1 draws on insights from these authors petitive Advantage(New York: Free Press, as well as the work of paul Timmers electro- 1985). Here, he described two different cate. nic Commerce(New York: John Wiley sons gories of activities: primary activities Ltd., 1999)and Michael Rappa,"Business inboundlogisticsoperationsoutboundModelsontheWeb,"http://digitalenterpri logistics; marketing and sales; and service se.org/models/ and support activities (procurement, technol For more information about Lilly's Inno- ogy development, human resource manage- Centive program, refer to: B. Breen, " Lillys ment, and firm infrastructure). By exploring R&D Prescription, Fast Company, 2002; and relationshipsamongactivitieswithinafirmaswww.innocentive.comInformationabo well as between the firm and a more encom-advergaming"can be found in M. Athitakis, passing value chain that includes suppliers The Entertainer, Business 2.0, May, 2003; P customers, and alliance partners, a greater Suciu, Mobility Takes the Forum, "Game Spy, understandingofhowvalueiscreatedandmaY2,2003;andwww.skyworkstech.com. competitive advantage is achieved is possible Information about how the auto industry uses Charles Stabell and Oystein Fjeldstad, in Stra- the internet to add value was drawn from v tegic Management Journal (May 1998)built on Postrell, " How Much is that Civic On-Line? Porters seminal work by describing value New York Times, April 24, 2003; M. Stepanek, shops, value chains, and value networks to M"New Routes in the Internet Car business broaden Porters framework beyond manu- CIO Insight, January 23, 2003; and N. wing facturing firms and include organizations that field and K Lundegaard, "eBay is Emerging predominantly use intensive technologies as Unlikely Giant in Used-Car Sales, Wall (e.g, hospitals)and mediating technologies Street Journal, February 7, 2003 (e. g, real estate brokerages). Fig. I draws on Some of the other articles and/ or Web the work of Stabell and Fjeldstad, as well as sites that we have drawn on include"B2B insights from Ming Zeng and Werner Rein- E-Commerce Headed for Trillions. CyberA artz,inCaliforniaManagementReview(wintertlas,March6,2002(www.cyberatlas.com); 2003)whoaddressedtheroleoftheInternetinwww.shop.org.;P.EvansandT.s.wuRster the value-adding process. Michael Porter also Blown to Bits( Cambridge, MA: Harvard Busi- addressed how the Internet influences the five ness School Press, 2000): Q. Hardy, All Eyes competitiveforcesin"strategYandtheInter-onGoogle"forBes,mAy26,2003(www.for- net, Harvard Business Review(March 2001) bes.com);c.Bayers,theLastLaugh"bu For a fuller discussion of the seven busi- ness 2.0, September 2002; A. Weintraub,E- ness models that are addressed in this paper, Assets for Sale -Dirt Cheap, "Business Week refer to Allan Afuah and Christopher L. e biz, May 14, 2001; and L Tischler, Vote of Tucci, Internet Business Models and Strategies, Confidence, Fast Company, December 2002 GT.(Tom) Lumpkin is an associate professor of management and entrepreneurship at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His primary research interests include entrepreneurship, strategic management, and 172 ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICSSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Michael E. Porter popularized the concept of the ‘‘value chain’’ in his seminal book, Com￾petitive Advantage (New York: Free Press, 1985). Here, he described two different cate￾gories of activities: primary activities (inbound logistics; operations; outbound logistics; marketing and sales; and service) and support activities (procurement, technol￾ogy development, human resource manage￾ment, and firm infrastructure). By exploring relationships among activities within a firm as well as between the firm and a more encom￾passing value chain that includes suppliers, customers, and alliance partners, a greater understanding of how value is created and competitive advantage is achieved is possible. Charles Stabell and Oystein Fjeldstad, in Stra￾tegic Management Journal (May 1998) built on Porter’s seminal work by describing value shops, value chains, and value networks to broaden Porter’s framework beyond manu￾facturing firms and include organizations that predominantly use intensive technologies (e.g., hospitals) and mediating technologies (e.g., real estate brokerages). Fig. 1 draws on the work of Stabell and Fjeldstad, as well as insights from Ming Zeng and Werner Rein￾artz, in California Management Review (Winter 2003) who addressed the role of the Internet in the value-adding process. Michael Porter also addressed how the Internet influences the five competitive forces in ‘‘Strategy and the Inter￾net,’’ Harvard Business Review (March 2001). For a fuller discussion of the seven busi￾ness models that are addressed in this paper, refer to Allan Afuah and Christopher L. Tucci, Internet Business Models and Strategies, 2nd ed. (Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill, 2003). Table 1 draws on insights from these authors as well as the work of Paul Timmers, Electro￾nic Commerce (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1999) and Michael Rappa, ‘‘Business Models on the Web,’’ http://digitalenterpri￾se.org/models/. For more information about Lilly’s Inno￾Centive program, refer to: B. Breen, ‘‘Lilly’s R&D Prescription,’’ Fast Company, 2002; and www.innocentive.com. Information about ‘‘advergaming’’ can be found in M. Athitakis, ‘‘The Entertainer,’’ Business 2.0, May, 2003; P. Suciu, ‘‘Mobility Takes the Forum,’’ GameSpy, May 2, 2003; and, www.skyworkstech.com. Information about how the auto industry uses the Internet to add value was drawn from V. Postrell, ‘‘How Much is that Civic On-Line?’’ New York Times, April 24, 2003; M. Stepanek, M ‘‘New Routes in the Internet Car Business,’’ CIO Insight, January 23, 2003; and N. Wing- field and K. Lundegaard, ‘‘eBay is Emerging as Unlikely Giant in Used-Car Sales,’’ Wall Street Journal, February 7, 2003. Some of the other articles and/or Web sites that we have drawn on include: ‘‘B2B E-Commerce Headed for Trillions.’’ CyberA￾tlas, March 6, 2002 (www.cyberatlas.com); www.shop.org.; P. Evans and T. S. Wurster, Blown to Bits (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Busi￾ness School Press, 2000); Q. Hardy, ‘‘All Eyes on Google,’’ Forbes, May 26, 2003 (www.for￾bes.com); C. Bayers, ‘‘The Last Laugh,’’ Busi￾ness 2.0, September 2002; A. Weintraub, ‘‘E￾Assets for Sale —Dirt Cheap,’’ BusinessWeek e.biz, May 14, 2001; and L. Tischler, ‘‘Vote of Confidence,’’ Fast Company, December 2002. G.T. (Tom) Lumpkin is an associate professor of management and entrepreneurship at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His primary research interests include entrepreneurship, strategic management, and 172 ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS