Introduction of Solid State Scopes of Solid State Synthesis Synthesis Method .Solids: crystals, fibers, films, foams, ceramics, powders eDirect reaction .Crystallization: solution, melt, glass, sol-gel pRecursor method Soft Chemistry for"novel" metastable phases apor Phase Transport (VPT) a, electrochemical .Thin films: chemical, electrochemical, physical methods .Single crystal growth: vapor, liquid, solid phase elon exchange Introduction of solid State Synthesis Methods Solid State Reaction Processing e Steps in Conventional Solid State Synthesis Diffusion mechanisms and fick's law Optimum Conditions for Conventional Solid State Synthesis 1. Solid State Reaction Processing r Self Propagating High Temperat 2.Ceramics--From Solid State Reactions Synthesis (SHS) 3. Important Methods for Solid State Materials Solid State Reaction Processing Steps in Conventional Solid State Synthesis Typical Solid State Reaction Processing 1. Select appropriate starting material powders to maximize surface area a Raw materials with additives c)Well defined compositions e Forming(Green bodv) ng (Products 3. Mix starting materials together b) Aaam motar and pe stle orga nie solvent optional 4. Pelletize te contact of re b) Minimizes contact with the crucible c)Organic binder may be used to help keep pellet together1 Introduction of Solid State Synthesis Methods Scopes of Solid State Synthesis Solids: crystals, fibers, films, foams, ceramics, powders, nanoparticles, morphology Direct reaction Crystallization: solution, melt, glass, sol-gel Precursor method Solvothermal: high P, T Soft Chemistry for “novel”metastable phases Injection, intercalation: chemical, electrochemical Vapor Phase Transport (VPT) Thin films: chemical, electrochemical, physical methods Combustion synthesis Single crystal growth: vapor, liquid, solid phase Ion-exchange Introduction of Solid State Synthesis Methods 1. Solid State Reaction Processing 2. Ceramics ¾¾ From Solid State Reactions 3. Important Methods for Solid State Materials Solid State Reaction Processing Steps in Conventional Solid State Synthesis Diffusion Mechanisms and Fick’s law Kirkendall Effect Optimum Conditions for Conventional Solid State Synthesis Self Propagating High Temperature Synthesis (SHS) Sintering Solid State Reaction Processing Typical Solid State Reaction Processing Raw materials with additives Mixing/Grinding Forming (Green body) Sintering (Sintered body) Machining (Products) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Steps in Conventional Solid State Synthesis 1. Select appropriate starting materials a) Fine grain powders to maximize surface area b) Reactive starting reagents are better than inert c) Well defined compositions 2. Weigh out starting materials 3. Mix starting materials together a) Agate mortar and pestle (organic solvent optional) b) Ball Mill (Especially for large preps > 20g) 4. Pelletize a) Enhances intimate contact of reactants b) Minimizes contact with the crucible c) Organic binder may be used to help keep pellet together