CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE oE&s li O Longman Group Limited 1973, Pearson Professional Limited 1997 Harcourt Brace and Company Limited 1998 Harcourt Publishers Limited 2001 o Elsevier Science Limited 2002. All rights reserved o Elsevier Limited 2004. All rights res he right of Anne Waugh to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either he prior permission of the publishers or a licence permitting estricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT4LP MiSsion directly from Elsevier's Health Science Rights Department in Philadelphia, USA: Phone: (+1)215 238 7869, 2239. e-mail: h ssions@elsevier.com ou may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage(http://www.elsevier.com),byselecting'customer Support and then'Obtaining Permission First edition 1963 International Student Edition Second edition 1966 First published 1991 Third edition 1968 Eighth edition 1996 Fourth edition 1973 th edition 2001 Fifth edition 1981 Reprinted 2001, 2002, 2003(twice), 2004 Sixth edition 1987 Seventh edition 1990 ISBN0443064695 inth edition 200] Reprinted2001,2002203,2004 SBN0443064687 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Note Medical knowledge is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment, procedures, equipment and the use of drugs become necessary. The authors and the publishers have taken care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up to date. However, readers are strongly advised to confirm that the information, especially with regard to drug usage, complies with the latest legislation and standards of practice in the health sciences ww.elsevierhealth com from sustainable forests Printed in SpainCHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE An imprint of Elsevier Limited © E. & S. Livingstone Ltd 1963,1966,1968 © Longman Group Limited 1973,1981,1987,1990 © Pearson Professional Limited 1997 © Harcourt Brace and Company Limited 1998 © Harcourt Publishers Limited 2001 © Elsevier Science Limited 2002. All rights reserved. © Elsevier Limited 2004. All rights reserved. The right of Anne Waugh to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior permission of the publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting 'Customer Support' and then 'Obtaining Permissions'. First edition 1963 International Student Edition Second edition 1966 First published 1991 Third edition 1968 Eighth edition 1996 Fourth edition 1973 Ninth edition 2001 Fifth edition 1981 Reprinted 2001,2002,2003 (twice), 2004 Sixth edition 1987 Seventh edition 1990 ISBN 0443 06469 5 Eighth edition 1996 Ninth edition 2001 Reprinted 2001, 2002,2003, 2004 ISBN 0 443 06468 7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Note Medical knowledge is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment, procedures, equipment and the use of drugs become necessary. The authors and the publishers have taken care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up to date. However, readers are strongly advised to confirm that the information, especially with regard to drug usage, complies with the latest legislation and standards of practice. ELSEVIER injournals the health science ands multimedia pape policy is to use r manufactured WWW.elsevierhealth.com from sustainable forests Printed in Spain